{"id":5070,"date":"2021-05-17T15:22:57","date_gmt":"2021-05-17T15:22:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/?p=5070"},"modified":"2023-03-10T14:02:25","modified_gmt":"2023-03-10T14:02:25","slug":"a-guide-to-genetic-engineering-biotech-and-how-it-works","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/a-guide-to-genetic-engineering-biotech-and-how-it-works\/","title":{"rendered":"A Guide To Genetic Engineering Biotech And How It Works"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table style=\"background-color: #ebebdc;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"456\">\n<h2 style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><strong><u>Table of Contents<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#1\"><strong>\u00a0Introduction<\/strong><\/a>\n<ol>\n<li>What is genetic engineering<\/li>\n<li>The benefits of genetic engineering<\/li>\n<li>Concerns surrounding genetic engineering<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#2\"><strong>What is the genetic engineering used for<\/strong><\/a>\n<ol>\n<li>Improved crop yield and quality<\/li>\n<li>Reduced use of pesticides and herbicides<\/li>\n<li>Producing new traits in Livestock, Pets, Crops and other typesof organisms<\/li>\n<li>Human modifications<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#3\"><strong>Benefits of Genetic Engineering<\/strong><\/a>\n<ol>\n<li>Potential benefits of genetic engineering on Human health<\/li>\n<li>Ethical and safety concerns surrounding Genetic Engineering<\/li>\n<li>Safety concerns surrounding gene editing<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#4\"><strong>Concerns about genetically engineered crops<\/strong><\/a>\n<ol>\n<li>Consumer Rights<\/li>\n<li>Intellectual property rights<\/li>\n<li>Crop interbreeding<\/li>\n<li>Long term ecological effects<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#5\"><strong>Testing for traits unrelated to disease<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#6\"><strong>Building better athletes with gene doping<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#7\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p id=\"1\">Genetic engineering is one of those interesting topics that can be intimidating for those who don\u2019t already know about it. <span id=\"urn:enhancement-7c6ce67f-d156-4de4-84e4-06a33ab7634c\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">Genetic engineering<\/span> isn\u2019t just interesting, it\u2019s the future for many <span id=\"urn:enhancement-21dc3cd7-707b-4711-aabb-85f899950a95\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/biological\">biological<\/span> and medicinal fields, and we can expect to reap the benefits of <span id=\"urn:enhancement-5b42d9d9-8637-42eb-a72b-5f008595cad6\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> biotechnology in the coming decades. In this guide to <span id=\"urn:enhancement-dae9547a-ea62-43e5-9f93-258b1bac8b6a\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> biotech, we\u2019ve explained this field of research in simple terms that everybody should be able to understand.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Here you can learn all about <span id=\"urn:enhancement-d6e6439e-1fde-4a63-ba66-4f07b29baf88\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> through sections that cover every part of this topic. By reading this guide, you\u2019ll learn:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The definition and scope of <span id=\"urn:enhancement-b3f52f99-be0a-47ad-b78e-f0b267dc7dd5\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What <span id=\"urn:enhancement-f5c75172-9033-432f-bc4f-e58d8abc753a\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> is broadly used for<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The benefits of using <span id=\"urn:enhancement-4b4d6626-ba66-4f1b-b6f3-121ec8139c36\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Concerns surrounding <span id=\"urn:enhancement-899e7d2f-e0d5-43a4-8e5d-a2f1d1c35058\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> with crops<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How <span id=\"urn:enhancement-4225ace5-2117-48d9-8912-3ae7ff10bc34\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> can be applied to humans<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Concerns surrounding <span id=\"urn:enhancement-e5f06746-163b-4d3f-810b-a09aed87166b\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> with humans<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you\u2019re interested in any of these sections, you\u2019ll find the information you want below. While this guide aims to make <span id=\"urn:enhancement-15879a31-91d3-4dac-90fb-0c3343d0567d\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> more understandable, we\u2019ve linked to supporting material where appropriate. There you\u2019ll find more information on certain topics or claims that are raised during this guide, so you can be sure you\u2019re getting accuracy from us.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We should start at the beginning \u2013 what is <span id=\"urn:enhancement-a2f2f1e3-3a01-49c1-8c73-84ac2edaa85b\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span>?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What Is Genetic Engineering?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Oxford Languages uses the following <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lexico.com\/definition\/genetic_engineering\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">definition for genetic engineering<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The deliberate modification of the characteristics of an <span id=\"urn:enhancement-9c040bf3-a9cc-4491-b76e-b86dc3667476\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/organism\">organism<\/span> by manipulating its genetic material.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many laymen can already figure this definition out but it does little to tell us more about what <span id=\"urn:enhancement-826875df-e0fc-459f-95ae-cdf17a0166f8\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> is and how it\u2019s conducted. It should also be noted that <span id=\"urn:enhancement-98c376a8-eae0-46dc-9962-ab68efa14045\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/biological\">biological<\/span> engineering is often used as a synonym for <span id=\"urn:enhancement-72b4e553-d0f5-40ab-84d8-1652bc189153\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span>, so sources discussing <span id=\"urn:enhancement-130b0204-5584-4b37-8d92-c754b50e8d31\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/biological\">biological<\/span> engineering are often describing the same field of science.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of the more popular ways that <span id=\"urn:enhancement-dba297bc-54df-47a6-9038-060dd4fb6e8b\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> is described is by breaking the term down. For example, <span id=\"urn:enhancement-b5dbbf82-3eea-4822-aaa8-2f8baabeb764\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> is where <span id=\"urn:enhancement-83f710a7-0fc3-4ad6-b45b-b4da42fa964c\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/biological\">biological<\/span> systems are approached with the mind of an engineer. This means you identify ways that <span id=\"urn:enhancement-f8cec2a3-74d8-4050-90e0-fb77ae7b4e05\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/biological\">biological<\/span> systems can be improved or better maintained and try to solve those problems through genetic experimentation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The results of such experimentation are considered a technology or, you guessed it, biotechnology. They usually aim to improve upon four naturally occurring properties in the world:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Animal or human health<\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Food sustainability<\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id=\"urn:enhancement-248ce5ee-bfa9-4fe2-9f6f-959627b4a6e2\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/biological\">Biological<\/span> materials<\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Energy production\/longevity<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of the smallest and most perennial examples of <span id=\"urn:enhancement-627b6e6b-8d9c-42a9-958e-62c82592a635\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> is where you alter the DNA of some <span id=\"urn:enhancement-efe06432-d996-4760-a197-a83222fddd95\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/bacterial\">bacteria<\/span>. By doing this, you change how the <span id=\"urn:enhancement-31f2a894-2447-4010-8315-81145c8895a0\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/bacterial\">bacteria<\/span> behave. Most <span id=\"urn:enhancement-8342bad8-ccd2-41b1-82f8-afd3dbd85214\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/bacterial\">bacteria<\/span> adjustments enable them to create a material, from medicines to color pigments or even forms of plastic. These materials are grown en masse by trillions of <span id=\"urn:enhancement-a8b3b3f8-4f8c-49c9-8d21-54a26bb364c4\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/bacterial\">bacteria<\/span> that are then harvested. Without <span id=\"urn:enhancement-d55ae1d3-636b-42b9-a9fb-01c083b1d58a\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span>, we wouldn\u2019t be able to alter the <span id=\"urn:enhancement-f446cd42-a7d8-4743-9b89-80b0e16568f3\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/bacterial\">bacteria<\/span> to these ends in the first place.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p id=\"2\">What Is It Used For?<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Let\u2019s go into more detail on what <span id=\"urn:enhancement-d81f38e8-7373-4252-bca5-c8854718e51f\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> is used for. Understanding how <span id=\"urn:enhancement-053fd868-2902-4c24-b7c8-989def1f03a1\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> is used can be more useful than knowing the specific scientific processes behind the field when you\u2019re a curious layman.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Genetic Modification of Crops<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As humans, we have engaged in genetic modification for thousands of years. How? Well, there weren\u2019t any white lab coats or laboratories required. Instead, the fruits and vegetables that mankind knew thousands of years ago were much different than how they appear now.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perhaps the most famous example would be the wild banana but most fruits and vegetables have been improved over the years. Check out the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/what-foods-looked-like-before-genetic-modification-2016-1?r=US&amp;IR=T\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">wild variants of some of your favorite crops here<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, where they\u2019re compared to their modern counterparts.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You\u2019ve likely never eaten a fruit or vegetable that wasn\u2019t a product of genetic modification. The specific type of modification used was selective breeding. This is where humans curate the natural breeding process of plants.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It\u2019s very similar to the evolution of animals, where individuals with superior and desirable <span id=\"urn:enhancement-5fa0aeec-7ff2-453d-a36e-c37328194396\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/traits\">traits<\/span> outcompete those without, resulting in all of the species adopting those <span id=\"urn:enhancement-f19d9001-3dee-4b57-8ec9-0c74176d24d2\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/traits\">traits<\/span> over time. With plants, it was down to us humans to decide which <span id=\"urn:enhancement-444695c8-4605-4220-a675-892d73e2e80c\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/traits\">traits<\/span> were best. If we grew a wild banana that\u2019s full of seeds, but one yield of banana has more edible material inside it, then we discard the wild banana and plant more of the edible banana instead. Many years later, most yellow bananas are nothing but edible with very little seed material in them.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is a form of genetic modification in its simplest form.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of the most ancient examples we have is maize. Corn and other related plants are some of the oldest crops we know. Thousands of years ago, in the region we now know as southern Mexico, humans cultivated a wild plant called <span id=\"urn:enhancement-60ffead9-99c9-44f3-8e83-541ca89a56b8\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/teosinte\">teosinte<\/span>. Through selective breeding, they altered this plant into what we call maize. Without realizing it, they were genetically modifying the <span id=\"urn:enhancement-c02153b2-57cb-42c0-afad-bc87683a208e\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/teosinte\">teosinte<\/span> until it became something completely different, and much more useful for human agriculture. By only changing an estimated four or five genes, <span id=\"urn:enhancement-1f0b69db-cc5b-416a-9dd4-4bfe60bc1319\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/teosinte\">teosinte<\/span> went from yielding approximately ten grains on a hundred corn ears to a simpler two ears that each housed hundreds of grains.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Besides increasing yield, historic genetic modification of crops has also been used to promote plant diversity. The two most notable examples of this are the wild mustard and wild nightshade plants. Check out how many different fruits and vegetables were created by modifying these wild plants:<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Wild Mustard<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Wild Nightshade<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Broccoli<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Eggplants<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Brussel Sprouts<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Potatoes<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cabbages<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tobacco<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cauliflower<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tomatoes<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kale<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>To Produce New <span id=\"urn:enhancement-34154350-c483-4615-babe-869dfa00570c\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/traits\">Traits<\/span> in Livestock, Pets, Crops, or Other Types of <span id=\"urn:enhancement-acb78d61-a4c2-4ec4-a265-682d691313d7\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/organism\">Organism<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whenever there\u2019s a change in the <span id=\"urn:enhancement-49a145c1-73a3-475c-bcaa-7d98b0422fe0\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/traits\">traits<\/span> displayed by an <span id=\"urn:enhancement-01190732-66cb-47e3-ae04-daa195095172\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/organism\">organism<\/span>, whether that\u2019s crops or living animals like pets or livestock, it\u2019s because there has been a change in the genetic information of that <span id=\"urn:enhancement-fcdd848a-9896-49d9-a45c-499b75826d1f\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/organism\">organism<\/span>. As covered above, the common breeding practices we\u2019ve used for thousands of years result in genetic differences over time.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How does this simple form of genetic modification compare to <span id=\"urn:enhancement-bd2da33e-f714-403b-af77-968e8ed1e943\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> today? Selective breeding is naturally a slower and more iterative process when compared to modern <span id=\"urn:enhancement-8fb58b4d-0458-45f3-8852-b5f6bb6117bc\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/gene\">gene<\/span> engineering, where we know what genes affect which <span id=\"urn:enhancement-fca9f5f0-0381-4143-9a47-4e5008402bd8\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/traits\">traits<\/span> and how we can change them for the better. Think of selective breeding as a roll of the dice while modern <span id=\"urn:enhancement-3dd15aa1-12cc-46ad-a22a-0c665a454c00\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/gene\">gene<\/span> engineering is a calculated change.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Human Modifications<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As we\u2019ll learn later in this guide, it\u2019s possible to modify the genes of human beings. This is the most impactful and controversial way that <span id=\"urn:enhancement-e8836617-7fb2-4285-b6b5-b9d11621cf73\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> is used today and, if the field is allowed to continue, it can change how mankind exists on a fundamental level and how we interact with the world around us.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p id=\"3\">Benefits Of <span id=\"urn:enhancement-6a9224b4-2ff4-4c4d-8d48-9e43bf9f4a31\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">Genetic Engineering<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We practice <span id=\"urn:enhancement-16e52ac3-6bdd-4044-b4a3-a30b7c94f0e5\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> for several reasons. First, let\u2019s tackle the three most common advantages of <span id=\"urn:enhancement-6b186dc7-9f65-4b43-81da-1e4702a3aa1d\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> when it\u2019s performed on non-human entities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Advances in Biotechnology May Provide Consumers with Foods that are Nutritionally Enriched<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Just like the initial genetic modifications that tamed wild plants hundreds of years ago, <span id=\"urn:enhancement-035746a3-69fd-4746-9f4e-b417a84e8747\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> is still used today to create food biotechnologies. These biotechnological advances enhance the nutritional content of these foods.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some <span id=\"urn:enhancement-47209b2e-72df-4c4e-9d54-722283e09790\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> can even make perishable food last much longer. We saw one such development in 2010 where the <span id=\"urn:enhancement-b1fb7496-730c-42ce-b40c-e22570db2a2e\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/gene-editing\">gene-editing<\/span> of a specific <span id=\"urn:enhancement-940a7572-cdf1-4aab-bfe8-cc189fa9c012\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/gene\">gene<\/span> added a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.purdue.edu\/newsroom\/research\/2010\/100628HandaTomato.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">week of shelf life to tomatoes<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Similarly, research into <span id=\"urn:enhancement-a9ca6052-54c2-4f34-864c-88542ff9bc10\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> has also shown ways that naturally occurring <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19356919\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">toxins can be removed from foods<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Many vegetables and fruits contain trace amounts of harmful toxins or allergen materials that can be purged through <span id=\"urn:enhancement-47a08542-be90-485b-a05d-13739ec7b30e\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/gene-editing\">gene editing<\/span>. We have also used <span id=\"urn:enhancement-346efe87-1e56-4258-b477-3f5af1d056b9\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> to reduce the number of saturated fats in oils that we use for cooking. Genes can also be altered to resist diseases common to that plant crop.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Biotechnology May Provide Farmers with Tools that can Make Production Cheaper and More Manageable<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Along with altering the <span id=\"urn:enhancement-b597c3c4-bbab-4ba5-889b-d7e45f7711c1\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/traits\">traits<\/span> of crops to make them more palatable and resistant to external pressures, we also develop biotechnology crops that make farming them much easier.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perhaps one of the most notable and controversial examples of this is crops that have been engineered to tolerate herbicides. Herbicides and pesticides reduce the weeds and pests that harm crops during cultivation and growth. By making crops resistant to these chemicals, they can be used on crops with little worry about making the crop harmful for consumption. Naturally, there are still concerns surrounding <span id=\"urn:enhancement-57eae11e-c4ad-4795-a70e-87309e9c0252\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/gmo\">GMOs<\/span> (<span id=\"urn:enhancement-6b54b0f5-2f7d-442b-88f1-12e6da734e74\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/gmo\">Genetically Modified Organisms<\/span>) when they\u2019re used for consumables.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The reduction of farming costs by genetically altering the crops is a massive advantage for countries with agricultural economies since they can create more food for less time and money.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Biotechnology Has Helped to Make Both Pest Control and Weed Management Safer and Easier<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adding weed and <span id=\"urn:enhancement-f0457a16-6216-449d-b8de-0a32f4469ed3\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/pest-resistance\">pest resistance<\/span> into the crops themselves, or at least making the crops compatible with non-synthetic alternatives, makes farming a safer profession for those involved. Synthetic pesticides contaminate the land around them, including the water, which can have disastrous effects on the local ecosystem.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Making crops more tolerant to these agents allows the use of more natural herbicides and pesticides that don\u2019t linger in the environment for long. They can be broken down in the soil that the crops grow from with no demonstrable negative effects and without causing any danger to the wildlife or human workers in that area.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p id=\"4\">Concerns About Genetically Engineered Crops<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Given how complex and unpredictable ecological systems can be, we exercise a lot of caution when we tamper with them. This naturally, and beneficially, raises concerns about <span id=\"urn:enhancement-3053812f-f2fc-4a5e-ba01-25a7e5932cc2\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetically-engineered-crops\">genetically engineered crops<\/span> and consumables as we want the solutions to our short-term problems to be both sustainable and healthy for us all in the long term. What may seem healthy and problem-free at first can have devastating effects decades later.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is why critics of <span id=\"urn:enhancement-065d451d-3910-4141-a020-7762341c8d2e\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetically-engineered-crops\">genetically engineered crops<\/span> consistently advocate that precautions and considerations are taken before any <span id=\"urn:enhancement-cf980d60-1ada-4762-a869-1ef0320f423c\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/gene\">gene<\/span> altering is performed. By altering a <span id=\"urn:enhancement-2202bda3-8f0c-450a-ab85-a38a460d676a\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/gene\">gene<\/span> in a commonly consumed vegetable, there could be unintended consequences that affect the environment around it in a negative way.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These activists tend to target modern <span id=\"urn:enhancement-d5764fb4-2065-4d1e-b1d9-60508b06ac7f\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> but it should also be considered that selective breeding, though slower and cruder, is also fundamentally a <span id=\"urn:enhancement-37017449-62aa-4146-a5c6-376b939fe88d\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/gene-editing\">gene-editing<\/span> process that could deliver the same negative outcomes. This is why proponents of <span id=\"urn:enhancement-6e65dba2-a8bc-4496-8291-8b8f2b83e53a\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> skepticism also sometimes advise that traditionally produced crops are also studied to see if their newer forms harmed the environment and the people in it.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Our primary source for this section comes from the US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. In 2016, they published the most comprehensive report to date that addresses the concerns surrounding <span id=\"urn:enhancement-47e35754-2048-41f4-8a1b-43b04fd2cceb\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> crops. Spanning 500 pages and reviewing over 900 research articles in the field, the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/306263458_Genetically_Engineered_Crops_Experiences_and_Prospects\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> report is the most information we have.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As is the nature of scientific research, the facts surrounding <span id=\"urn:enhancement-1a609c34-10ba-42ea-9571-c6af08ddbeab\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> are subject to change as more findings are submitted and verified. Note that the report does include human effects from <span id=\"urn:enhancement-8b0fa054-a417-4da0-b534-49f73fbc45b2\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetically-engineered-crops\">genetically engineered crops<\/span> but, since we\u2019ve talked about human <span id=\"urn:enhancement-a8bcb061-14aa-4603-ac2f-985fc702f6ff\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/gene\">gene<\/span> engineering below, we\u2019ve included the information there.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That said, here\u2019s what this report has to say about crop concerns.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Consumer Rights<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Let\u2019s start with an ethical boundary that <span id=\"urn:enhancement-a6dbafa2-542c-44cf-8f6f-555db9668709\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> crosses in many farming circles. While all modern consumed crops have been selectively bred, advocates highlight the consumer\u2019s right to choose 100% organic foods that have been untouched by modern <span id=\"urn:enhancement-2370a26d-58e0-412b-9db0-6dea0b5d1440\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The report found that many US farmers, who only grew organic crops, have detectable levels of genetic editing in their plants. The fact this was present even in seed matter points to the issue being more pervasive, as the seeds many organic farmers use have been edited in some way, somewhere along that plant\u2019s lineage.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nowadays, the term organic and any organic certification used in the farming industry instead highlights that the farms are free of these methods. Unfortunately for organic consumers who don\u2019t want to consume any altered material, many of the seeds in circulation have come from altered crops and find their way onto organic farms.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To become certified as organic, any <span id=\"urn:enhancement-37dbe8ea-6e58-4dbe-97be-d93bfab09d59\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> must be confirmed to have come from outside the farm. The report estimates that pollen drift between adjacent crops could even be responsible for transmitting genetically engineered material into otherwise organic crops. It\u2019s a problem that\u2019s difficult and impractical to solve, and so while some suppliers are more organic than others, it can never be 100% guaranteed that seeds are free from <span id=\"urn:enhancement-8e9c9725-cc9a-4f83-89e4-23bd6215ce44\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Intellectual Property Rights<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Similarly, the rights of the business entities creating and growing <span id=\"urn:enhancement-d4f70e49-7c0d-400e-a8b5-fdb37de755e8\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetically-engineered-crops\">genetically engineered crops<\/span> must be considered. A naturally occurring crop has existed in, well, nature for hundreds of years, and has been cultivated by our ancestors during that time. In a way, they belong to all of us. A genetically engineered crop, however, is technically invented.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That means patents and lots of them. The agriculture business files patents over <span id=\"urn:enhancement-fd6f86f5-74f4-4694-b640-91aae5e7278b\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetically-engineered-crops\">genetically engineered crops<\/span> but, in doing so, they risk taking something that everybody can benefit from and safeguarding it or outright blocking further development of a crop. This allows companies to control the pricing of certain seeds, harming the many for the sake of the few.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Of course, the report aimed more at tackling biotechnological concerns surrounding <span id=\"urn:enhancement-861c7c4a-adaf-4daa-9a8c-7a39f4d385d1\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> in crops, so they don\u2019t dedicate much ink to this particular issue. That said, they do recommend more research by watchdogs and free-market advocates into how these companies can fix prices and establish undue control over a crop.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If these ideas are interesting to you, Harvard has you covered with this <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sitn.hms.harvard.edu\/flash\/2015\/the-patent-landscape-of-genetically-modified-organisms\/#:~:text=At%20first%20sight%2C%20GMO%20patents,a%20patent%20on%20the%20plant.\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">primer on genetically engineered crop patents<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Crop Interbreeding<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Next in the list of concerns is interbreeding, also called hybridization. This is where crops mix their genetic material with wild relatives existing in the same ecosphere. By doing this, the wild relatives nearby are changed through second-hand transmission, as the <span id=\"urn:enhancement-76418adf-fdd7-462e-9f1a-06de25c17f06\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/gene-editing\">gene-editing<\/span> that has occurred often wins out over natural processes. From there, this can disrupt the food chain or have other damaging consequences in the long term.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The example found in the report uses herbicide-resistant <span id=\"urn:enhancement-040a7ce8-568c-42c2-8412-535f4fb8d589\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> to explain that if a plant transmitted this trait over to a wild relative, then that relative becomes resistant too. Now, what if that relative is a weed that is controlled by herbicides? Now we have fewer means of controlling it which, in turn, could displace animals and plant life in the area.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The report found some evidence that such transmission had occurred. What they did not find was any demonstrable, appreciable harm from those transmissions. That doesn\u2019t rule out the possibility, however, and so it\u2019s wise and prudent that wild relatives that get affected by new crops should be studied over longer periods.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Long-Term Ecological Effects<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Speaking of longer periods, the report also tackles issues relating to other long-term effects. An example cited in the report is the tale of <span id=\"urn:enhancement-fc9ea928-92f6-42f7-92e5-1634edbb3b8e\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/bt-corn\">Bt corn<\/span> and monarch butterflies. There have been several studies covering this specific issue, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/98\/21\/11937\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">read a popular one here<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, but the short story is that altered corn called <span id=\"urn:enhancement-cb4358d7-6580-4b95-bf65-ad45ab72c43c\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/bt-corn\">Bt corn<\/span> makes a protein to perform the role of an insecticide. The theory is that pollen from <span id=\"urn:enhancement-6a45cf23-76bf-48d4-9c46-833ec2085b73\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/bt-corn\">Bt corn<\/span> harms caterpillars, specific <span id=\"urn:enhancement-42c5741f-38d7-4a29-8e47-2395f59d95a4\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/monarch-butterfly\">monarch butterfly<\/span> caterpillars, and so they suffer as collateral when this <span id=\"urn:enhancement-25303400-5ad6-414a-a58a-cc2cb2ee88bf\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> is performed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Initial studies found that there was only harm when there were very high concentrations of this affected pollen. In natural conditions, there wasn\u2019t enough of a pollen count to create any negative effects. The first studies were questioned by other researchers and, as the report details, other larger studies took place to get to the heart of this issue.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Their findings were largely the same but there was an important caveat. Amongst different strains of <span id=\"urn:enhancement-6172e607-924e-4b6b-9d7f-0938b103c086\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/bt-corn\">Bt corn<\/span>, there was one that posed some threat to monarch butterflies. It was removed from the market because of these concerns while allowing the farming community to reap the benefits of safe <span id=\"urn:enhancement-5dc9c462-58c8-4e95-ac0e-5a3fafb4e64d\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/bt-corn\">Bt corn<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Human Genetic Engineering<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So far, we\u2019ve referenced <span id=\"urn:enhancement-9f03a422-e77e-4131-a04c-1d95844c90fa\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> regarding most crops and other plant life. That\u2019s because they\u2019re the easiest and most widespread example of organisms where their genes have been engineered towards specific purposes. That said, they\u2019re not the only ones.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Human <span id=\"urn:enhancement-d8fb45c7-79c0-4b50-bd60-a3c8933b41d8\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> has existed for several decades now and with it comes a whole new raft of benefits and concerns. Let\u2019s break them down here.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p id=\"5\">Testing for Traits Unrelated to Disease<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most <span id=\"urn:enhancement-65f1d845-c89b-4048-a4a4-96cbd91bc741\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> research on humans comes from identifying and eliminating diseases. Human <span id=\"urn:enhancement-0864f2bd-1abe-429f-abed-fe495603abbe\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/gene\">gene<\/span> engineering has proven invaluable at finding diseases in at-risk individuals or carriers before any of them are symptomatic or transmissive.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are concerns, however, like if that testing is helpful if the disease cannot be cured. Would you rather know you\u2019ll develop an incurable condition in later life or live in blissful ignorance of that fact for most of your life? The answer seems too personal to be explained through a scientific study, as people have reported both yes and no when asked.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By identifying these diseases at a genetic level, we opened a can of worms since we could now identify non-disease genes. Tests are now possible for eye color, which hand will be dominant, the potential for addictions, and athleticism. Knowing of these <span id=\"urn:enhancement-26f8d273-3513-4a68-b8d9-7dd6aae3b695\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/traits\">traits<\/span> may be harmful to somebody who doesn\u2019t conform to them if they\u2019ve had these tests run. People tend to want to attribute their accomplishments to themselves and their decisions over predetermined genetic information, after all.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From these revelations come two other controversial uses of human <span id=\"urn:enhancement-9fd4740f-f595-4d2b-8951-cc49f0b273f6\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span>\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p id=\"6\">Building Better Athletes with Gene Doping<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For as long as there have been athletes, there have been performance enhancers that athletes have used to get ahead of the game. <span id=\"urn:enhancement-291e1e49-a88d-4837-b71e-e1e56150565d\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">Genetic engineering<\/span> may have a part to play here, too.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The World Anti-Doping Agency tries to police doping in the world\u2019s largest sporting events but they have a new issue that doesn\u2019t have a clear solution. So-called <span id=\"urn:enhancement-1eea5881-1737-49be-8d9f-9ff000fc2d76\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/gene\">gene<\/span> doping is where athletic performance is improved through <span id=\"urn:enhancement-2c11fbab-bede-471b-a40d-7e219706d5ee\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/gene\">gene<\/span> therapy. This is usually used to transfer healthy genes to a sick person to aid in recovery or tame an immunological condition but, through <span id=\"urn:enhancement-ad5440c7-53f9-428e-aa75-3959f3120c5c\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/gene\">gene<\/span> doping, athletes can maximize hormone and protein production in a way that can\u2019t easily be tested for.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This possibility has been known for years. In the 1990s, a batch of mice was awarded muscle mass through <span id=\"urn:enhancement-4a2c597b-1464-492f-aaf9-94d6b7d14e9d\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/gene\">gene<\/span> therapy and became known as the \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/gene-alteration-makes-super-mice\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Schwarzenegger Mice<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What isn\u2019t known is whether <span id=\"urn:enhancement-79e6cffa-c968-4d1c-92e4-c9b107e62ad9\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/gene\">gene<\/span> doping can have more harmful consequences. Tinkering with genes, especially those dictating hormone and protein production regarding athletic performance, could have devastating consequences in the long term for those athletes. There\u2019s also the ethical question and whether this should be considered the same as drug doping at all, or whether it\u2019s something to embrace and explore for other applications.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Creating Designer Babies<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You\u2019ve likely heard the term designer babies before. If not, this is where genetic testing and altering are used to promote certain human <span id=\"urn:enhancement-01eab390-417a-410b-b1e2-692e6eaf33c8\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/traits\">traits<\/span> over others before the full development and birth of the child. If that sounds like <span id=\"urn:enhancement-75a81cf8-20bd-4aa3-af17-cfa9bd393dcc\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/eugenics\">eugenics<\/span> to you, that\u2019s because it is.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Existing in the field of <span id=\"urn:enhancement-8982e4dc-7211-4a8e-b7e2-d0e8473e247b\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/eugenics\">eugenics<\/span> doesn\u2019t make the practice abhorrent in itself, of course. While atrocities like forced sterilization have been performed in the name of <span id=\"urn:enhancement-8dcb5448-1ffa-4e57-9af5-84a2b3b1fc15\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/eugenics\">eugenics<\/span>, it\u2019s a field that we will inevitably have to engage with when discussing the <span id=\"urn:enhancement-7ebf2d5f-3037-45d2-91ba-b53eae541d40\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> of human beings.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some reject designer babies on this principle, as is their right, but the fear of designer babies is more focused on what the next logical steps are. <span id=\"urn:enhancement-b233a541-7fbd-4415-ace9-62baa8b1e7da\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/gene\">Gene<\/span> testing is used to eliminate specific, severe diseases from <span id=\"urn:enhancement-4ae697dd-e970-492f-ae98-1bc98290dfe1\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/embryos\">embryos<\/span> before they can manifest. Most agree that this is a good and valid use of <span id=\"urn:enhancement-0b9eb083-19aa-4bc3-b558-98d0c886e1b0\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span>, the fear is that it will then get used on non-disease <span id=\"urn:enhancement-4826cde7-22c4-4115-8266-43bfed631431\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/traits\">traits<\/span>, hence the term designer babies.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There\u2019s a far cry between eliminating life-threatening diseases from an embryo and tweaking with one so that they have blonde hair instead of brown hair. It\u2019s a sensationalized issue but still one that should be acknowledged when discussing human <span id=\"urn:enhancement-5a06e96c-f132-42e0-a867-1cb0877c5ccd\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/gene\">gene<\/span> engineering.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There\u2019s also the added risk of causing unforeseen issues in the child as a result. Like with crops, one <span id=\"urn:enhancement-ee440b94-58c0-4a25-9095-3399b23a5d8f\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/gene\">gene<\/span> change could have a chain reaction effect and change the <span id=\"urn:enhancement-21bd8701-42bf-44f3-b13b-10f1cf894875\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/organism\">organism<\/span> in ways that we simply cannot predict. This is the cutting edge of <span id=\"urn:enhancement-ca4dd636-1ed8-43d1-8ba8-bc66d3978f91\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> research, so there haven\u2019t been enough test subjects or years passed since those tests to ensure that it\u2019s a safe <span id=\"urn:enhancement-2c77a72b-dc01-49bd-a309-5a158dfd002b\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/procedure\">procedure<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There\u2019s also the ethical concern about liberty. While a hands-off approach to a child\u2019s <span id=\"urn:enhancement-2642feb3-48b9-4240-a9d4-457bcb159898\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/biological\">biological<\/span> circumstance is ethically sound, the decision made by an adult to alter the child is something that the child cannot consent to. A child would likely consent to a life-saving edit if they could but other changes would be done without that child\u2019s permission.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Designer babies, as a term, also highlight how such breakthrough tech is affordable only by the elite. The average person won\u2019t be able to create their ideal child and this can exaggerate class issues and create a class of people who have been altered to ensure they have higher potential for physical attractiveness or intellectual aptitude over unedited people. This has been referred to as the genetic aristocracy. Novels like <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Brave New World<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and movies like <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gattaca <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and are often brought up to evidence how such <span id=\"urn:enhancement-7075ac21-feae-4fb6-9aa8-748b4b97c12f\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> is a step towards a dystopia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Naturally, all of these thoughts are hypothetical as of now. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.technologyreview.com\/2018\/11\/25\/138962\/exclusive-chinese-scientists-are-creating-crispr-babies\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The invention of CRISPR technology<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has brought us closer to this reality than ever before but even then, it may still prove too complex, and so impossible, to alter one non-diseased human <span id=\"urn:enhancement-ad543eb8-fde4-4431-ab2a-72ab3f3eb15b\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/gene\">gene<\/span> to any appreciable effect.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Human Health Risk<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are also human health risks to be associated with <span id=\"urn:enhancement-5d6a1eb2-abe7-4e00-999e-1d2480d267c4\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span>. The most prevalent and likely today would be from <span id=\"urn:enhancement-7ebd7e21-9459-46a4-8117-694d1b03d239\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetically-engineered-crops\">genetically engineered crops<\/span> which then, after entering our systems, cause an adverse reaction in our biology.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Crop biotechnology may contain a higher quantity of or altered allergens that can harm people and animals. While this has proven to be an issue for animals, the widespread consensus is that <span id=\"urn:enhancement-a0c3e413-e5fa-4af6-851e-1df6e4aa7aba\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetically-engineered-crops\">genetically engineered crops<\/span> are safe for consumption and that selective breeding can result in the same negative effects.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In fact, this was an issue that was settled quite some time ago and we haven\u2019t seen any issues since. Many of the largest <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/q-a-detail\/food-genetically-modified\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">organizations have cleared GMOs of health risks<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. That doesn\u2019t mean we shouldn\u2019t keep the possibility of health risks in mind, however, as the scientific process remains open to new evidence.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As for the report cited above, they found that engineered crops had the same health risks as organic crops, failing to establish a causal relationship between <span id=\"urn:enhancement-79dac959-2ca2-4fc4-84fc-a67cb0445046\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/gene\">gene<\/span> engineering and any adverse reactions or environmental issues. After over two decades of consuming <span id=\"urn:enhancement-8b95db36-39c5-4fdb-8761-6808d204af97\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetically-engineered-crops\">genetically engineered crops<\/span>, we have yet to see an increase in adverse reactions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Any new <span id=\"urn:enhancement-7e1f7edb-49b1-47a7-b4e5-6a299d3fe83a\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/traits\">traits<\/span> found in edible plant biotechnology are <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/agricultural-biotechnology\/how-gmos-are-regulated-food-and-plant-safety-united-states\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">examined by the FDA<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> before hitting any market. There they can rule out allergic responses and other toxic effects from the new <span id=\"urn:enhancement-f36dea6a-b4e2-4daa-b968-7c1dc20a458a\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/proteins\">proteins<\/span> responsible for those <span id=\"urn:enhancement-6ce2bce7-b927-4d76-b4ae-570fbac17c49\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/traits\">traits<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Genetically engineered food can also harm humans by disrupting the food chain. For example, pest-resistant biotech crops could disrupt or harm worms, bees, or fish. All three of these perform important environmental functions that could have long-term consequences for human beings. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/bees-how-important-are-they-and-what-would-happen-if-they-went-extinct-121272\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bees alone are incredibly important<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to the world\u2019s crops.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p id=\"7\">Summary<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By now, you should have an understanding of what <span id=\"urn:enhancement-7b31a50c-6ba6-4be5-8fc0-71a11339167a\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> is and how we apply it in the world, whether that\u2019s when we eat a vegetable or perform expensive, groundbreaking, and controversial human <span id=\"urn:enhancement-faaa0e49-9458-4959-bb7d-043dcbc2ea0d\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/gene-editing\">gene editing<\/span>. Through <span id=\"urn:enhancement-ca9e3003-cbf3-4a1c-b36b-b44b8063580c\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span>, we can change how we interact with the world on a molecular level and negotiate for a better deal, by improving crops or even removing diseases from people when they\u2019re <span id=\"urn:enhancement-433c2a34-18c6-4313-b976-eb83bac6c228\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/embryos\">embryos<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It&#8217;s an exciting field of research that\u2019s sure to continue development into the future. When any advancements are made in the field, you can appreciate them sooner now that you know what <span id=\"urn:enhancement-cacc19b4-b48a-49b6-ad8b-65341fde313e\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/genetic-engineering\">genetic engineering<\/span> is and how it influences our daily lives.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; Table of Contents \u00a0Introduction What is genetic engineering The benefits of genetic engineering Concerns surrounding genetic engineering What is the genetic engineering used for Improved crop yield and quality Reduced use of pesticides and herbicides Producing new traits in Livestock, Pets, Crops and other typesof organisms Human modifications Benefits of Genetic Engineering Potential benefits [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":5132,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"off","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[31],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5070","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5070","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5070"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5070\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5132"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5070"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5070"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5070"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}