{"id":5264,"date":"2022-01-04T12:43:09","date_gmt":"2022-01-04T12:43:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/?p=5264"},"modified":"2023-03-13T20:50:13","modified_gmt":"2023-03-13T20:50:13","slug":"a-guide-to-the-history-of-antibiotics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/guide-to-the-history-of-antibiotics\/","title":{"rendered":"A Guide To The History Of Antibiotics"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><toc><\/p>\n<table style=\"background-color: #ebebeb; height: 487px;\" width=\"471\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 487px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 461.889px; height: 487px;\">\n<h2 style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><strong><u>Table of Content<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"#1\"><strong>1. Introduction<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#2\"><strong>2. What are antibiotics?<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\nA. How antibiotics work and their limitations<br \/>\nB. When antibiotics are commonly used<br \/>\nC. Limitations of antibiotics<br \/>\n<a href=\"#3\"><strong>3. History of antibiotics<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\nA. Ancient antibiotics<br \/>\nB. Before modern antibiotics<br \/>\nC. Before modern antibiotics<br \/>\nD. The beginning of the antibiotic era<br \/>\nE. The use of penicillin as a wonder drug during World War II<br \/>\nF. The impact of antibiotics on medicine and society<br \/>\n<a href=\"#4\"><strong>4. Antibiotic resistance and the need for new antimicrobial substances<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\nA. The future of antibiotics and microbiome research<br \/>\n<a href=\"#5\"><strong>5. The side effects of antibiotics and allergic reactions<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#6\"><strong>6. Conclusion<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-5267\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Antibiotics.jpg\" alt=\"Antibiotics\" width=\"1000\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Antibiotics.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Antibiotics-980x392.jpg 980w, https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Antibiotics-480x192.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1000px, 100vw\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"1\">In the fight against harmful bacteria, antibiotics are one of our best weapons. You\u2019ve probably had to take them before, to treat or prevent an <span id=\"urn:enhancement-944096bb-3027-4f6d-bf83-72dfadef0535\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/infection\">infection<\/span>, but how much do you know about them?<\/p>\n<p>Here you\u2019ll learn everything you need to know about antibiotics and how they have become so important to the field of medicine. Before we even knew what antibiotics were, or even what bacteria were, we used <span id=\"urn:enhancement-3ce4c0dc-a916-48b0-864e-4633ff74537f\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/antimicrobial\">antimicrobial<\/span> materials to treat infections.<\/p>\n<p>Starting from there, we\u2019ll take you through the history of antibiotics, explaining the discovery of <span id=\"urn:enhancement-bb39e233-3da2-4be6-86f4-0e93d1d3ae01\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/penicillin\">penicillin<\/span> and other landmark moments until we arrive at the present day. Then, we have also explored the state of antibiotics today and concerns about how antibiotics will be used in the future.<\/p>\n<p>Since we\u2019re dealing with a combination of history and science, we have provided links to support the information in this guide. You can also use them to read even deeper into these fascinating substances and how important they are to modern medicine.<\/p>\n<p id=\"2\">Before we get into the details \u2013 what are antibiotics?<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-5268\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/What-Are-Antibiotics.jpg\" alt=\"What Are Antibiotics\" width=\"1000\" height=\"401\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/What-Are-Antibiotics.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/What-Are-Antibiotics-980x393.jpg 980w, https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/What-Are-Antibiotics-480x192.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1000px, 100vw\" \/><\/p>\n<p>There\u2019s no use in learning the history of antibiotics if you don\u2019t know what they are, so let\u2019s cover that first.<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"urn:enhancement-be97ca3f-98dd-416a-9dc0-18ad8f375621\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/antibiotic\">Antibiotics<\/span> are <span id=\"urn:enhancement-a5bd040c-25c4-493b-9fe9-8456e4522cdd\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/antimicrobial\">antimicrobial<\/span> substances, meaning they kill or stop the growth of microorganisms. When those microorganisms are the cause of an <span id=\"urn:enhancement-5b258945-171b-42a1-98b2-4114e0623311\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/infection\">infection<\/span>, it kills them and stops the <span id=\"urn:enhancement-0d596f18-7a25-4d60-97d6-f51b8921e384\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/infection\">infection<\/span> from worsening or spreading.<\/p>\n<p>Because of the nature of antibiotics, they only work on infections that are caused by bacteria. In fact, they are the most important tools in our fight against <span id=\"urn:enhancement-f75d8e64-673b-4fca-bc13-bd10bf4a3e0d\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/bacterial\">bacterial<\/span> infections that can cause harm. <span id=\"urn:enhancement-e9d81d09-2383-44b7-9406-a10857ce6afe\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/antibiotic\">Antibiotics<\/span> that have wider use are known as <span id=\"urn:enhancement-f59a12e9-8f4e-43d8-8b99-eeec36a334ac\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/narrow-spectrum\">broad-spectrum<\/span> antibiotics while others are <span id=\"urn:enhancement-e98a9f7a-5128-43ba-8b65-4d353d8f0a3d\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/narrow-spectrum\">narrow-spectrum<\/span> antibiotics, so they have more specific uses.<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"urn:enhancement-7eab4d51-a4f3-4339-8ded-0bbf1b58a5ae\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/antibiotic\">Antibiotics<\/span> are commonly used when:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The <span id=\"urn:enhancement-106ee87c-a831-47de-8368-d9fabba4f627\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/infection\">infection<\/span> is very transmissible, so it will spread and infect others.<\/li>\n<li>The <span id=\"urn:enhancement-869dbe64-6f0f-4261-a89f-9c4ec8d00df0\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/infection\">infection<\/span> won\u2019t go away without antibiotic intervention.<\/li>\n<li>The <span id=\"urn:enhancement-bb299fa8-075b-48c0-9696-fc084daab8a4\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/infection\">infection<\/span> will take too long to go away without antibiotic intervention.<\/li>\n<li>The <span id=\"urn:enhancement-bd034d5f-df83-42fb-b9c6-eb9b5110e0e0\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/infection\">infection<\/span> is causing more serious complications.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Since antibiotics are antibacterial, they don\u2019t work on infections or illnesses that aren\u2019t caused by bacteria, like viruses. In those cases, <a href=\"https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/drugs\/21531-antivirals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">antiviral drugs<\/a> are better suited to fighting the problem <span id=\"urn:enhancement-1048912a-4a35-4194-b7f4-66c145505072\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/virus\">virus<\/span>. This means antibiotics can\u2019t be used to treat every problem, and there are concerns about doing so, as we\u2019ll have covered by the end of this guide.<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"urn:enhancement-27b08e88-8495-440c-8d2d-f003a48499a0\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/antibiotic\">Antibiotics<\/span> are commonly administered via ingestible tablets and liquids or topical sprays and lotions. In more serious cases, they can also be injected straight into the bloodstream or into muscle tissue. <span id=\"urn:enhancement-029b699b-7763-4396-97ae-5c098c51ab12\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/antibiotic\">Antibiotics<\/span> are typically prescribed in set amounts \u2013 a course that must be completed for full effectiveness.<\/p>\n<p id=\"3\">The Brief History Of Antibiotics<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-5269\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/The-Brief-History-of-Antibiotics.jpg\" alt=\"The Brief History of Antibiotics\" width=\"1000\" height=\"401\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/The-Brief-History-of-Antibiotics.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/The-Brief-History-of-Antibiotics-980x393.jpg 980w, https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/The-Brief-History-of-Antibiotics-480x192.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1000px, 100vw\" \/><\/p>\n<p>So, now we know what antibiotics are and how we use them in the modern-day. With that context, you can better appreciate the history of <span id=\"urn:enhancement-0f9bac47-5d2a-49e9-a037-1631efa40d28\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/antimicrobial\">antimicrobial<\/span> treatments and antibiotics, which go back much further than you may expect.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Ancient Antibiotics<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>To fully understand antibiotics, let\u2019s start at the very beginning. You\u2019ve probably heard some stories, like Alexander Fleming and the discovery of <span id=\"urn:enhancement-b33f8dad-8492-4fb0-8525-63de9d767a1f\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/penicillin\">penicillin<\/span>, but there are even earlier examples where <span id=\"urn:enhancement-1e2f2806-499e-4eee-a96f-b389e3915866\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/antimicrobial\">antimicrobial<\/span> substances were used. At any rate, we have more on Fleming and his incredible discovery later in this guide.<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s start in ancient Egypt, approximately 2,000 years ago. Human bones from this period have been found to contain traces of <span id=\"urn:enhancement-ef80d2a7-f888-4c9c-8665-2605c2f23876\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/tetracycline\">tetracycline<\/span>. For context, <span id=\"urn:enhancement-15681074-c639-4bf9-9926-2a7b046ff8a6\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/tetracycline\">tetracycline<\/span> is an antibiotic that was patented in 1953, so how were ancient Egyptians taking it?<\/p>\n<p>We can only theorize, with two main theories being generally accepted. The first is simple: microbes somehow contaminated the bones afterward or during the process of unearthing and storing them. While possible, some hold this to be statistically unlikely.<\/p>\n<p>The second, more interesting theory is that it came from the Nubian diet common in the area. This comes from anthropologist George J. Armelagos and medicinal chemist Mark Nelson, who hypothesized that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2010\/09\/100902094246.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">an ancient beer is to blame<\/a>. It was probably added during fermentation, from barley plants and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/Streptomyces\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Streptomyces<\/a> bacteria contained in them. Don\u2019t worry, it\u2019s one of the<em> good<\/em> bacteria.<\/p>\n<p>Moldy bread was also applied topically to wounds in ancient Egypt, along with civilizations in China, Greece, and Serbia. It was thought that doing this prevented <span id=\"urn:enhancement-83e27de5-df43-4be0-a103-0bb45a0b7bff\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/infection\">infection<\/span> and now, in hindsight, it was likely because they were introducing <span id=\"urn:enhancement-58648e14-90bd-4a41-8cdb-b9b78764a114\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/penicillin\">penicillin<\/span> to the area.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Before Modern Antibiotics<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>But first, let\u2019s slow down. Before the discovery of <span id=\"urn:enhancement-0aef5189-fb48-4094-b883-4ebb0816d25d\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/penicillin\">penicillin<\/span> and modern antibiotics, <span id=\"urn:enhancement-b2f26e2d-63d4-4c1c-b185-ae6e22e194a9\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/humans\">humans<\/span> were almost defenseless against aggressive <span id=\"urn:enhancement-8fa14265-2627-46f3-9270-cf8629662b23\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/bacterial\">bacterial<\/span> infections. That includes diseases like <span id=\"urn:enhancement-503cf09d-c9de-4973-abe2-9cfcd4663561\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/rheumatic-fever\">rheumatic fever<\/span>, <span id=\"urn:enhancement-a92359d8-8d02-4791-815e-557a2da1813c\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/pneumonia\">pneumonia<\/span>, <span id=\"urn:enhancement-5d8c007f-e198-4dbb-ba55-ca2fc43830bb\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/tuberculosis\">tuberculosis<\/span>, and <span id=\"urn:enhancement-a51343b9-fce8-4fdb-a58c-3e0ba8402f7f\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/gonorrhea\">gonorrhea<\/span>, and just the slightest cut could land you in hospital. Once there, treatment was largely based on superstition, guesswork, half-truths, and a little hope.<\/p>\n<p>Simple infections like strep throat and ear infections often proved debilitating or fatal. Other infections, like <span id=\"urn:enhancement-f9e46a5c-c415-4214-bec4-76d5e9b367ea\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/bacterial\">bacterial<\/span> <span id=\"urn:enhancement-98debef1-9812-41ec-bc96-6b3ec105b915\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/meningitis\">meningitis<\/span>, killed a majority of children that it contacted. Those that survived did so with the disabilities that come with <span id=\"urn:enhancement-75485b6a-28cf-41a9-a7e9-17330b0a3c11\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/meningitis\">meningitis<\/span> infections, like deafness, partial paralysis, and learning difficulties.<\/p>\n<p>Bacteria itself was only observed by English scientist Robert Hooke in 1665, then later by Belgian clothier Antoni van Leeuwenhoek when he studied his own saliva and plaque in 1675. He started practicing antibacterial hygiene to get rid of them, later becoming credited with the discovery of bacteria alongside Hooke.<\/p>\n<p>Bacteria were then further explored by <a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/omgfacts\/how-a-glass-of-bad-wine-saved-millions-of-lives-31c8a4c7b9a6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">revered microbiologist Louis Pasteur<\/a> in 1860, along with concepts like vaccination and pasteurization, the latter being named after the French chemist. Pasteur\u2019s work in identifying and removing bacteria has saved an uncountable number of lives in the centuries since.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>The Beginning Of The Antibiotic Era<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>That brings us to the start of the antibiotic era, which is best attributed to two names \u2013 <span id=\"urn:enhancement-9f901a55-acb2-473c-bd96-a895d65f8032\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-person\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/ehrlich\">Ehrlich<\/span> and Fleming.<\/p>\n<p>Paul <span id=\"urn:enhancement-9f665124-b94e-41c6-8fac-42748968d045\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-person\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/ehrlich\">Ehrlich<\/span> was a German scientist who won the 1908 <span id=\"urn:enhancement-5fb4ef4d-8910-4bca-b36b-d2e9ffb47ddd\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/nobel-prize\">Nobel Prize<\/span> for Physiology\/Medicine. His cousin was also the first person to stain bacteria and the pair often worked with methylene blue to do it. By identifying bacteria, <span id=\"urn:enhancement-c2053d07-5611-49c8-aac7-5cae3360c606\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-person\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/ehrlich\">Ehrlich<\/span> theorized that there could be a \u201cmagic bullet\u201d that targeted and destroyed the bacteria without harming the surrounding body tissue.<\/p>\n<p>In 1909, <span id=\"urn:enhancement-8e7e51e4-4767-4ceb-ab16-b7d3d54e5797\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-person\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/ehrlich\">Ehrlich<\/span> worked with Alfred Bertheim and Sahachiro Hata to develop a cure for <span id=\"urn:enhancement-78ab8640-0647-413e-b0f2-255a65b3a5df\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/syphilis\">syphilis<\/span> \u2013 <span id=\"urn:enhancement-b9f23e16-f645-4f03-9b6c-121620e73841\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/arsphenamine\">arsphenamine<\/span>. Without going into too much detail, <span id=\"urn:enhancement-607cb6f2-10ed-4ed8-ab10-2baf5cfa2ba6\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/syphilis\">syphilis<\/span> is often caused by a bacterium called <span id=\"urn:enhancement-328f3702-6b6b-420f-ab6c-e9bd7a7127c5\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/treponema-pallidum\">Treponema pallidum<\/span>, which <span id=\"urn:enhancement-fd0f6023-9391-4da4-ae68-da9c98ff168c\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/arsphenamine\">arsphenamine<\/span> stopped. In 1912, they refined it into neoarsphenamine that had less dangerous side effects, since <span id=\"urn:enhancement-b0ceacec-da21-43cd-8b16-bc5d96b04c68\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/arsphenamine\">arsphenamine<\/span> had too many arsenical compounds in them. By many accounts, <span id=\"urn:enhancement-fd30c633-68d0-4428-a141-92fccefbc6f7\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/arsphenamine\">arsphenamine<\/span> was the first modern antibiotic, if not the first <span id=\"urn:enhancement-80825060-c111-4df2-bc25-6214ef5a72f6\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/antimicrobial\">antimicrobial<\/span> that was used to <span id=\"urn:enhancement-5ae59fad-8dfe-49b4-b7f6-89920dbf4309\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/target\">target<\/span> bacteria specifically.<\/p>\n<p>It should be noted that at this point, the term \u201cantibiotic\u201d hadn\u2019t even been coined. <span id=\"urn:enhancement-77f8b0cf-dfba-4374-b918-be65e0a49008\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-person\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/ehrlich\">Ehrlich<\/span> used the term chemotherapy \u2013 literally meaning the use of chemicals to treat diseases.<\/p>\n<p>Then, in 1928, the famous and accidental discovery of <span id=\"urn:enhancement-e858bff3-f6c0-44ae-8cd2-f2e3363dfcbd\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/penicillin\">penicillin<\/span> happened. This was when Alexander Fleming returned from a holiday on the 3<sup>rd<\/sup> of September and checked on Petri dishes full of Staphylococcus, a bacteria that causes boils and other unpleasant symptoms. The bacteria had been stopped by an accidental growth of mold, which secreted <span id=\"urn:enhancement-de838133-6b9f-40ad-9dc9-8de877064375\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/penicillium-notatum\">Penicillium notatum<\/span> that stopped <span id=\"urn:enhancement-09c45ce0-e6fc-46f7-a148-035693f05e84\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/bacterial\">bacterial<\/span> growth.<\/p>\n<p>Isolating the <span id=\"urn:enhancement-b34f2d7f-8d09-45e4-b265-7ddcae5645cd\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/penicillium-notatum\">Penicillium notatum<\/span> with help from assistants Stuart Craddock and Frederick Ridley, Fleming wrote a paper in 1929 but didn\u2019t fully explore the therapeutic properties of <span id=\"urn:enhancement-8768b47e-26fe-45ab-a1f7-746d7302464f\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/penicillin\">penicillin<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>That came later when Howard Florey and Ernst Chain led a team at Oxford University that created purified <span id=\"urn:enhancement-0f302de1-aca8-421e-aa9e-8b7b7db1d70a\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/penicillin\">penicillin<\/span> in 1939. Its properties were documented in 1940 and then it was being used on <span id=\"urn:enhancement-77edeebc-ed72-4499-8c73-29e9f5bb4f12\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/humans\">humans<\/span> in 1941. <span id=\"urn:enhancement-591dc18e-ec33-4b0f-bb40-eccd70d84461\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/penicillin\">Penicillin<\/span> was then nicknamed \u201cthe wonder drug\u201d and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/video\/222824\/medical-inventions-World-War-II\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">used to treat soldiers throughout the second World War<\/a>, after which Florey and Chain won a <span id=\"urn:enhancement-6dfbf3dc-0502-4fc5-8cea-f8c4b673d1f9\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/nobel-prize\">Nobel Prize<\/span> for Medicine in 1945, along with <span id=\"urn:enhancement-9eb926b3-d827-4c35-b949-446f1ccc7c26\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-person\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/sir-alexander-fleming\">Sir Alexander Fleming<\/span>.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>The Word Antibiotic<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Even with Fleming\u2019s discovery, the word antibiotic was still not mainstream.<\/p>\n<p>Dermatologist Francois Henri Hallopeau had used the word to describe substances that stopped the development of life in 1871, though this was vague and lacked medical context. It was also spelled \u2018antibiotique\u2019 because he was French. \u201c<span id=\"urn:enhancement-e893e691-b18f-4ffb-858a-02c9f9c3ebac\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/antibiotic\">Antibiotic<\/span>\u201d literally means against life.<\/p>\n<p>Having discovered <span id=\"urn:enhancement-e2d03007-c6b5-41fb-a8fb-2cd733748bd2\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/streptomycin\">streptomycin<\/span> and many other antibiotics, and having received news of Fleming\u2019s discovery, it was an American biochemist and <span id=\"urn:enhancement-66cbd2a2-1872-4dbc-97d7-297f9f41f583\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/microbiologist\">microbiologist<\/span> <span id=\"urn:enhancement-9e9b42b4-767e-48dd-86fa-30efebabbb7e\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-person\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/selman-waksman\">Selman Waksman<\/span> who coined \u201cantibiotic\u201d as we know it today. Waksman chose the term \u201cantibiotic\u201d to describe substances or compounds that were made from living organisms but also combated other living microorganisms.<\/p>\n<p>He basically clarified that antibiotic means against life, but more helpfully, it means against <span id=\"urn:enhancement-4e0dd444-3526-4aaa-934d-ad909d3ec391\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/bacterial\">bacterial<\/span> microbes and not anything else.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Antibiotic Proliferation<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span id=\"urn:enhancement-cfc53b45-707e-40a4-a438-daf277f7859f\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/penicillin\">Penicillin<\/span> is now thought of as the first mainstream antibacterial medication. The story of its discovery is widely taught as a happy accident that has since saved many lives.<\/p>\n<p>As the first commercially successful antibiotic, it also started an arms race as companies discovered, produced, and marketed other antibacterial medications. Starting with <span id=\"urn:enhancement-a69aecdc-4544-4726-b6b9-db453dd44cfc\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/penicillin\">penicillin<\/span>, companies like Pfizer and Merck scaled up the production of the antibiotic and overcame challenges associated with reliably isolating and harvesting the beneficial <span id=\"urn:enhancement-9d8a63fc-533e-4a1b-ac70-3bffeeae2d6d\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/antimicrobial\">antimicrobial<\/span> substance.<\/p>\n<p>Every year, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/antibiotic-use\/stewardship-report\/current.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">millions of Americans get prescribed antibiotics<\/a> as outpatients. As a result, there are hundreds of antibiotics available to medical practitioners nowadays. Like we said earlier in this guide, some have <span id=\"urn:enhancement-7ad8676e-f055-49ab-9172-1cbe74022115\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/narrow-spectrum\">broad-spectrum<\/span> uses while others are used for a much narrow scope of infections. We can\u2019t go through them all but they do typically fall into one of several groups:<\/p>\n<table width=\"616\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 198.875px;\"><strong><span id=\"urn:enhancement-015ff8e1-1a60-4135-b672-55c56c748907\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/antibiotic\">Antibiotic<\/span> Group<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 197.75px;\"><strong>Examples<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 197.375px;\"><strong>Uses<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 198.875px;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Penicillins<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 197.75px;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"urn:enhancement-6dc8107a-1c01-481a-a6f0-9c57ea0f754d\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/penicillin\">Penicillin<\/span>, Amoxicillin<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 197.375px;\">Treating chest infections, skin infections, urinary tract infections.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 198.875px;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Tetracyclines<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 197.75px;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Tetracycline, <span id=\"urn:enhancement-ce9c3a5b-d9df-44f3-886e-0dcc791b546a\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/doxycycline\">Doxycycline<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 197.375px;\">Treating many <span id=\"urn:enhancement-c1761463-6c77-4c06-816d-fba0a6d7d0ad\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/infection\">infection<\/span> types \u2013 works well with skin issues like acne and rosacea<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 198.875px;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Aminoglycosides<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 197.75px;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Gentamicin, Tobramycin<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 197.375px;\">Treats serious cases like <span id=\"urn:enhancement-6661faff-7bf4-49d6-a63c-c5fd443b71a6\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/septicemia\">septicemia<\/span>, with harsh side effects like kidney damage.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 198.875px;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Cephalosporins<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 197.75px;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Cefalexin, Cefadroxil<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 197.375px;\">Often used after <span id=\"urn:enhancement-3e662cc0-cd0a-4ba4-89ad-b3488de59292\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/penicillin\">penicillin<\/span> fails. Treats skin infections, <span id=\"urn:enhancement-f0ac7d4d-5f72-43ca-b9e7-5c8f71c481a7\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/septicemia\">septicemia<\/span>, <span id=\"urn:enhancement-e8dfb058-10db-447a-9734-50ce47fb9c57\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/meningitis\">meningitis<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 198.875px;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"urn:enhancement-293537d3-e7e9-456b-9d0e-b5a0ce677db4\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/chloramphenicol\">Chloramphenicol<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 197.75px;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Chloromycetin<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 197.375px;\">Ideal for treating ear and eye infections, such as <span id=\"urn:enhancement-1411be91-6d2d-44a2-add3-b86d18df4870\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/conjunctivitis\">conjunctivitis<\/span>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 198.875px;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Fluoroquinolones<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 197.75px;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 197.375px;\"><span id=\"urn:enhancement-1f00b761-3ed0-46c7-b420-acf54f2631db\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/narrow-spectrum\">Broad-spectrum antibiotics<\/span> for urinary and respiratory infections.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 198.875px;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Macrolides<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 197.75px;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"urn:enhancement-8cc1a429-a746-4b51-bc8e-66bb33e54eef\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/azithromycin\">Azithromycin<\/span>, Clarithromycin<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 197.375px;\"><span id=\"urn:enhancement-2d476d3c-10e5-4865-b9ae-faa1a2d6ace9\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/penicillin\">Penicillin<\/span> alternatives that are ideal for chest\/lung infections.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>With antibiotics becoming a common and important weapon in the war against bacteria, they were prescribed for decades with little restrictions placed on them. The period between 1940 and 1962 is sometimes referred to as the golden era of antibiotics due to all of the novel antibiotics being discovered and offered on the market to treat any ailment.<\/p>\n<p>Here\u2019s a rundown of how each subsequent antibiotic group was discovered:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>After <span id=\"urn:enhancement-a4e3c981-206d-4c40-9544-02801bba79ac\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/penicillin\">penicillin<\/span>, aminoglycosides were discovered by <span id=\"urn:enhancement-c7adca9d-8d19-4a40-a5b9-7091e47e7802\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-person\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/selman-waksman\">Selman Waksman<\/span>, specifically <span id=\"urn:enhancement-f54e7aab-6dcd-47e2-808f-c55b5dfe0748\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/streptomycin\">streptomycin<\/span>. It was part of the antibiotic discoveries that led to Waksman coining the term. With Albert Schatz and Elizabeth Bugie, they found the antibiotic in <span id=\"urn:enhancement-0b3e5476-794b-4a50-adae-dfb7d88e73ca\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/streptomyces\">Streptomyces<\/span> griseus and observed its efficacy against <span id=\"urn:enhancement-b9adad6e-6f02-4832-b6bc-d014154f1057\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/tuberculosis\">tuberculosis<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>Cephalosporins were discovered in 1945 by Sardinian scientist Giuseppe Brotzu, who got them from the runoff of a sewage system. Oxford University, with help from Guy Newton and Edward Abraham, conducted further research and worked with the states to guarantee larger-scale production in the 1950s.<\/li>\n<li><span id=\"urn:enhancement-349b7be5-c225-4dd8-9c7e-945146bbe1ac\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/chloramphenicol\">Chloramphenicol<\/span> was next, being found in 1947. It was secreted by the naturally occurring <span id=\"urn:enhancement-83a85b4b-2d47-4a5d-ad8b-37bc249f1a00\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/streptomyces\">Streptomyces<\/span> venezuelae in soil. It was quickly used to curtail <span id=\"urn:enhancement-a185e5cb-8fa4-4ff5-a3be-61e60b2247ce\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/typhus\">typhus<\/span> <span id=\"urn:enhancement-5b4a27a0-9c22-451f-b509-b935ccacb352\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/outbreaks\">outbreaks<\/span> in Asia and South America in 1948 and was <span id=\"urn:enhancement-62d85b28-9386-4400-ba6d-782d641a698a\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-organization\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/food-and-drug-administration\">FDA<\/span> approved in 1949.<\/li>\n<li>In 1948, the first <span id=\"urn:enhancement-1b42b2ae-2283-45c8-a7cc-e2270f0c135a\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/tetracyclines\">tetracyclines<\/span> were discovered as a natural product of <span id=\"urn:enhancement-1bcb465a-155d-4902-a052-caf45e8867f4\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/actinomycete\">actinomycete<\/span>. Like with <span id=\"urn:enhancement-52ec2773-89ff-4b67-8884-688833c91299\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/cephalosporins\">cephalosporins<\/span> and chloramphenicol, they entered production in the \u201850s.<\/li>\n<li>Macrolides were then discovered in the 1950s after Filipino scientist Abelardo B. Aguilar isolated erythromycin from <span id=\"urn:enhancement-18770cbe-792f-4107-92c8-9deba1b8f53a\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/streptomyces\">Streptomyces<\/span> erythreus (which is now known as Saccharopolyspora erythraea). Aguilar\u2019s discovery was on behalf of <span id=\"urn:enhancement-c3a59f64-e1cc-4f3b-9274-cdefbb388f70\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-organization\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/eli-lilly-and-company\">Eli Lilly and Company<\/span> and unfortunately, Aguilar received no credit or compensation for the discovery.<\/li>\n<li>Later, in the \u201860s, George Lesher accidentally distills nalidixic acid and it becomes the predecessor for quinolone antibiotics (despite the acid being a naphthyridine). All quinolone antibiotics offered for mass consumption are fluoroquinolones, which have since been tagged with many side effect concerns by the <span id=\"urn:enhancement-14ff248a-8572-4114-b83c-cc0851fc0a6d\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-organization\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/food-and-drug-administration\">FDA<\/span> and other regulatory authorities.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Since these discoveries, very few new antibiotics have been discovered.<\/p>\n<p>While many people benefited from this golden age, the <span id=\"urn:enhancement-edb8fa32-19d9-4471-a964-610b03ce61de\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/overuse-of-antibiotics\">overuse of antibiotics<\/span> can create antibiotic-resistant bacteria. When that happens, the <span id=\"urn:enhancement-127146d4-44fe-43aa-b703-5d213d23cc22\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/bacterial\">bacterial<\/span> infections can\u2019t be stopped by the usual treatments, sometimes becoming even more aggressive and dangerous as a result. It is essentially evolution \u2013 the bacteria evolve to overcome the antibiotic and become harder to beat as a result.<\/p>\n<p>Naturally, antibiotic-resistant bacteria have become a matter of concern in recent years. We cover this in more detail in the next section of this guide.<\/p>\n<p>Before we cover resistant bacteria and the other problems that can come with antibiotics, let\u2019s discuss the future of antibiotics as it seems right now.<\/p>\n<p id=\"4\">The Future Of Antibiotics<\/p>\n<p>As it stands, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/healthy-lifestyle\/consumer-health\/in-depth\/antibiotics\/art-20045720\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">antibiotics are becoming more and more restricted<\/a> to prevent bacteria from developing any resistance. This is done by modifying the existing <span id=\"urn:enhancement-8dc8fc79-585d-405f-818e-3b04cdb07a0c\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/antimicrobial\">antimicrobial<\/span> substances that we have so that they can become more effective, exhibit fewer side effects, and not trigger <span id=\"urn:enhancement-d405b50c-91df-44b3-a511-98dc9d954e8d\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/bacterial\">bacterial<\/span> mutations that can develop into antibiotic immunity.<\/p>\n<p>It should be noted that antibiotic immunity seems to be an inevitability when using it to fight bacteria. We can, however, slow down this process and get more use out of the antibiotics we have for longer.<\/p>\n<p>There are also cases like <span id=\"urn:enhancement-b36cf382-aba0-45ce-9b47-91abe7b08937\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/syphilis\">syphilis<\/span> and the arsenicals that are used to treat it, which worked for decades with virtually no known cases of arsenic-resistant syphilitic bacteria developing. Then <span id=\"urn:enhancement-e94e0981-ac46-4bf8-88b0-7a2c98a9bb68\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/penicillin\">penicillin<\/span> came along and, similarly, <span id=\"urn:enhancement-3f7ba76f-6b06-4ad6-8423-629358b60f90\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/penicillin\">penicillin<\/span> has proved very effective against <span id=\"urn:enhancement-9187f729-94a0-407d-a67b-749bcf3ac03f\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/syphilis\">syphilis<\/span> for decades. Other STDs, like <span id=\"urn:enhancement-ad435586-e275-45cb-b2ca-c87f8d56913d\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/gonorrhea\">gonorrhea<\/span>, have developed aggressive resistance to <span id=\"urn:enhancement-2bf2439a-2109-4467-9755-7f17394df420\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/penicillin\">penicillin<\/span>, making harsher antibiotics like <span id=\"urn:enhancement-f11f65b6-2c57-4a6b-9768-ec1695e6f793\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/azithromycin\">azithromycin<\/span> or ceftriaxone necessary for treatment.<\/p>\n<p>Put simply, it seems that bacteria react differently to antibiotics, evolving at different paces to overcome the antimicrobials we throw at them. This is good news, allowing us to focus on problematic bacteria while the others stay vulnerable to our antibiotic treatments.<\/p>\n<p>More encouraging news came out last year in 2020, before the onset of the pandemic, where research into the human gut gave a brighter view of the future. As you may have heard, the human gut is full of good bacteria (and bad bacteria when infected). The same can be said for our mouths and, when compared, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/antibiotic-resistance-new-discovery-could-change-the-future-of-treatment-131262\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">researchers found a difference in the amount and severity of resistant bacteria<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>So, why is that important? It gives us valuable insight into how resistances develop and propagate in different microbiomes \u2013 those being the mouth and the gut. The differences were so much that, if you compared mouth bacteria with somebody across the planet, they\u2019d be more similar than the bacteria that can be found in your own gut.<\/p>\n<p>With gut research advancing, we are discovering more about the microorganisms there and how they impact our lives. Some of them are shocking, like the idea that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencefocus.com\/the-human-body\/a-gut-feeling-meet-your-second-brain\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">your gut is a second brain<\/a>, and as <span id=\"urn:enhancement-0fbfe549-119a-4988-bc16-1d94f9aa8707\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/microbiome\">microbiome<\/span> research continues we may learn more about resistant bacteria and how to curtail them.<\/p>\n<p id=\"5\">Problems With Antibiotics<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-5271\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Illness.jpg\" alt=\"Illness\" width=\"1001\" height=\"401\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Illness.jpg 1001w, https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Illness-980x393.jpg 980w, https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Illness-480x192.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1001px, 100vw\" \/><\/p>\n<p>As we\u2019ve established, antibiotics changed the face of modern medicine and have saved millions of people over the last century. That doesn\u2019t mean they\u2019re perfect, however, as is the case with most drugs.<\/p>\n<p>There are always benefits and drawbacks that need to be considered when a patient takes any medication, which becomes especially important if they\u2019re taking more powerful antibiotics.<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s take a look at some of the problems with antibiotics, from their common side effects to their allergic reaction triggers, and then their biggest problem \u2013 the threat of multidrug-resistant bacteria.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Side Effects<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>First, let\u2019s talk about side effects. Some of the most innocuous treatments in the world come with side effects and antibiotics are no exception. The kinds of side effects of antibiotics vary widely depending on your illness and the type of antibiotic you\u2019re taking.<\/p>\n<p>Side effects are more common with antibiotics than many drugs but, fortunately, they tend to be minor. Affecting approximately 1 in 10 people, the most common side effects cause trouble in the digestive system. While it can cause discomfort, they are typically mild and should pass once the treatment course is complete.<\/p>\n<p>Here are some examples of these common side effects:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Abdominal Pains<\/li>\n<li>Appetite Loss<\/li>\n<li>Bloating<\/li>\n<li>Diarrhea<\/li>\n<li>Indigestion<\/li>\n<li>Nausea<\/li>\n<li>Vomiting<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span id=\"urn:enhancement-a92e5ef6-669d-4d18-8574-fe1bd00355ce\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/antibiotic\">Antibiotics<\/span> in the <span id=\"urn:enhancement-fc8ad512-3f50-4600-8966-20da5d9e92b5\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/tetracyclines\">tetracyclines<\/span> and fluoroquinolones groups also carry unique, more severe side effects that should be known.<\/p>\n<p>With <span id=\"urn:enhancement-c4e98aee-f67a-4175-8883-9fd0d249414f\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/tetracycline\">tetracycline<\/span> antibiotics, your skin can become sensitive to light, including artificial light sources. As such, anyone on these antibiotics should avoid prolonged light exposure to avoid skin damage and the medical issues that will come from that.<\/p>\n<p>As for fluoroquinolones, they can have serious side effects that attack the muscles, joints, and nervous system of the person taking them. Again, this is very rare when the totality of fluoroquinolone use is considered, and the benefits that come from these powerful antibiotics.<\/p>\n<p>Those taking fluoroquinolones should contact their doctor if they experience any of the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pain in the muscles, tendons, or joints in the elbows, knees, or shoulders.<\/li>\n<li>Numbness, tingling, or \u2018pins and needles\u2019 in any of those areas.<\/li>\n<li>Swollen lower body at the legs, feet, and ankles.<\/li>\n<li>Noticeable heart palpitations.<\/li>\n<li>Sudden shortness of breath.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>Allergic Reactions<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Along with side effects, there are also allergic reactions that need to be considered. While <span id=\"urn:enhancement-cda0e7f9-0be0-4abd-9f12-9aa3a55dede0\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/tetracyclines\">tetracyclines<\/span> and fluoroquinolones carry the most severe side effects, it\u2019s penicillins and <span id=\"urn:enhancement-a2545fe3-bc3a-4b81-bbc8-80f65c899797\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/cephalosporins\">cephalosporins<\/span> that most often trigger allergic reactions.<\/p>\n<p>As always, the reactions tend to be mild to moderate and don\u2019t need to have any significant intervention. In most cases, keeping antihistamines around and then taking them to combat reaction symptoms should suffice.<\/p>\n<p>Such mild allergic reactions will show the following symptoms:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Coughing<\/li>\n<li>Wheezing<\/li>\n<li>Itching<\/li>\n<li>Throat Tightness<\/li>\n<li>Skin Rash\/Hives<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Of course, allergic reactions can also develop into anaphylactic reactions \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.webmd.com\/allergies\/anaphylaxis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">anaphylaxis<\/a>. These are severe allergic reactions that can and do threaten lives. Most people probably know <span id=\"urn:enhancement-b8990103-b775-450e-9cd1-b2065ce7b868\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/resource\/Anaphylaxis\">anaphylaxis<\/span> through peanut allergies, where it can trigger a fatal reaction through slight contact with nuts. Similarly, consuming shellfish or getting stung by a bee triggers this reaction in others. You\u2019d be surprised at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.everydayhealth.com\/anaphylaxis\/surprising-triggers-anaphylaxis-attack\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">the things that can trigger anaphylaxis<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>So, what does <span id=\"urn:enhancement-1b03f827-4ae9-403e-8395-e3e00707ba09\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/resource\/Anaphylaxis\">anaphylaxis<\/span> look like? It can be tricky, as <span id=\"urn:enhancement-359443cb-4539-4b9c-90e6-45a65a345b21\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/resource\/Anaphylaxis\">anaphylaxis<\/span> starts off mild and gets worse over time, becoming debilitating. Here\u2019s a list of symptoms, ranked by severity, that anybody taking antibiotics should look out for:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Clammy, sweating skin.<\/li>\n<li>Stomach pains.<\/li>\n<li>Skin rashes\/hives.<\/li>\n<li>Coughing or wheezing.<\/li>\n<li>Faster breathing pace, progressing into difficulty breathing.<\/li>\n<li>Faster heartbeats.<\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li>Anxiety and confusion over where you are and what is happening.<\/li>\n<li>Losing consciousness and collapsing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As we said, <span id=\"urn:enhancement-4404c676-b836-45ff-8012-a98c8d7aa2ff\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/resource\/Anaphylaxis\">anaphylaxis<\/span> can be life-threatening, so emergency medical assistance needs to be called if you or somebody around you is having <span id=\"urn:enhancement-9455b65b-5a18-4026-b7d7-eca85bd1451a\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/resource\/Anaphylaxis\">anaphylaxis<\/span>.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Antibiotic Resistance<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-5272\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Virus.jpg\" alt=\"Virus\" width=\"1001\" height=\"401\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Virus.jpg 1001w, https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Virus-980x393.jpg 980w, https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Virus-480x192.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1001px, 100vw\" \/><\/p>\n<p>While there has been more focus on antibiotic-resistant bacteria recently, there have always been certain bacteria that were harder to treat. For example, when <span id=\"urn:enhancement-aeebc262-55fe-471d-aae7-f6b1f6c02f94\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/penicillin\">penicillin<\/span> was discovered it was ineffective at treating some strains of <span id=\"urn:enhancement-379bd958-ca25-473d-9409-41b285b9d8ad\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/staphylococcus-aureus\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/span>, which mainly caused skin infections in infected populations.<\/p>\n<p>At the time, it was simply a limitation placed on the world\u2019s latest wonder drug, but the problem has since gotten <em>worse<\/em>. That\u2019s why antibiotic resistance is an important issue because antibiotics that once worked are becoming ineffective as bacteria are exposed and adapt to them.<\/p>\n<p>As we said above, it\u2019s like an evolutionary process. The bacterium either changes to protect itself and survive the antibiotic treatment or it attacks and renders the antibiotic inert. In both cases, the bacteria win and continue to wreak havoc on the body.<\/p>\n<p>Such bacteria are often called multidrug-resistant bacteria because they\u2019re not just immune to one kind, like S. aureus resisting <span id=\"urn:enhancement-c8c4cb02-5928-468f-b3ab-2957ea24a349\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/penicillin\">penicillin<\/span>, but they\u2019re collecting immunities to all the antibiotics that are thrown at them. It\u2019s not uncommon for doctors to reach for a second or even third antibiotic when treating infections, because the first course didn\u2019t make a dent.<\/p>\n<p>This presents a public health concern, as these <a href=\"https:\/\/www.healio.com\/news\/infectious-disease\/20191113\/cdc-antibiotic-resistance-causes-1-death-every-15-minutes-in-us\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">resistant bacteria kill more people<\/a> than their non-resistant counterparts. <span id=\"urn:enhancement-e3c5607b-54bc-425e-9fc8-3261f7c413c6\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/antibiotic\">Antibiotics<\/span> are also widely used to keep cattle and other livestock free of diseases, so rampant <span id=\"urn:enhancement-1b418b80-f548-4df9-b578-52cebd51fba2\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/bacterial\">bacterial<\/span> infections would have a detrimental impact on the quality of consumables and related supply chains.<\/p>\n<p>Without antibiotics to use against <span id=\"urn:enhancement-85224038-2974-416b-8a21-094178a3f6b9\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/bacterial\">bacterial<\/span> infections, there are concerns that the global life expectancy could be cut down by 20 years and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kingsfund.org.uk\/reports\/thenhsif\/what-if-antibiotics-stopped-working\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">40% of deaths in the future will have been preventable<\/a> in the 1980s, where antibiotic-resistant bacteria were virtually unheard of.<\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s important to remember that medical predictions can often lean towards pessimism, to prepare for worst-case scenarios. That said, after the context of the COVID-19 pandemic (a viral <span id=\"urn:enhancement-83cace23-ca88-445e-9361-e75b8065c2ab\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/infection\">infection<\/span>), everybody can understand the damage <span id=\"urn:enhancement-eb9286d6-ee82-4cf9-852c-b275eb39dc11\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/bacterial\">bacterial<\/span> infections like <span id=\"urn:enhancement-e3e786f3-ced8-4597-bfbe-f0a040226482\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/tuberculosis\">tuberculosis<\/span>, cholera, and <span id=\"urn:enhancement-3d391bbe-1ce1-49fa-b00a-9382752d4e7f\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/anthrax\">anthrax<\/span> can cause if they become more transmissible, untreatable, and deadly. Also consider that third-world deaths will be astronomical compared to Western countries, which have more infrastructure to handle infected populations.<\/p>\n<p>So, what causes antibiotic resistance to develop in a bacterium?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Overuse Of <span id=\"urn:enhancement-4d02dbd5-f505-43ba-a07a-186f4517b504\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/antibiotic\">Antibiotics<\/span> \u2013<\/strong> This is where patients get antibiotics for mild illnesses. Even worse, some take antibiotics for <em>viruses<\/em>. <span id=\"urn:enhancement-e503e6c1-5df8-4474-811e-2a2e31049edb\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/antibiotic\">Antibiotics<\/span> won\u2019t cure a viral <span id=\"urn:enhancement-7b1e876e-5946-4ffa-ab8d-7df84edbdbcd\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/infection\">infection<\/span> or stop its spread, and they can even cause bad side effects. <span id=\"urn:enhancement-c80abcc5-bb49-4edc-9acf-9a6c2abd0c74\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/antibiotic\">Antibiotics<\/span> only help fight <span id=\"urn:enhancement-4efc21ff-8bc5-4a99-a363-0427ad82d99f\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/bacterial\">bacterial<\/span> infections, not viral ones, so <a href=\"https:\/\/imb.uq.edu.au\/article\/2020\/04\/difference-between-bacteria-and-viruses\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">learn the difference<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Not Completing A Full Course Of <span id=\"urn:enhancement-f32c5779-e28f-4cd8-82da-e2405de1f322\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-creative-work\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/antibiotic\">Antibiotics<\/span> \u2013<\/strong> When antibiotics get prescribed, patients are typically given a set of them to take over a set period. Often, the symptoms of <span id=\"urn:enhancement-553b40df-bc33-464c-8d71-9c2cae278bbc\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/infection\">infection<\/span> subside and patients don\u2019t finish the course.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The purpose of these courses is to kill the bacteria and purge them from your body. If <em>any<\/em> bacteria survives, it will live to fight another day and has a higher chance of learning how to beat the antibiotic that you were taking. Then, when that bacteria spreads somewhere else, it just might be harder to destroy.<\/p>\n<p>Not overusing antibiotics and using them for the full duration of their prescribed course, are the surest ways to prevent antibiotic resistance. This doesn\u2019t just get more use out of the antibiotics that we have, it also buys researchers valuable time to figure out how resistance occurs and stop bacteria from making those changes at a microbial level.<\/p>\n<p>As we covered earlier, most modern antibiotics were isolated from soils and other natural sources decades ago, in the golden age of antibiotics. Some researchers do hold out hope that we can discover new antibiotics that bacteria won\u2019t be resistant to.<\/p>\n<p>In the hunt for novel antimicrobial diversity, we are pursuing methods like:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Exploring marine soil and the seabed to find similar antibiotic-producing bacteria.<\/li>\n<li>Synthesizing antimicrobial substances by copying <span id=\"urn:enhancement-5dd14615-6d99-47bb-b94d-58fed173d8a0\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/bacterial\">bacterial<\/span> and fungal lipopeptides.<\/li>\n<li>Borrow antimicrobial peptides from animals and plants with those natural qualities.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>While the situation with antibiotics and their overuse is grave, there is work being done to curtail its impact on the world and find new solutions to fighting bacteria. It\u2019s up to everybody to use the antibiotics we still have responsibly, to buy valuable time and not allow bacteria to evolve.<\/p>\n<p id=\"6\">Summary<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-5270\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Doctor-prescribing-antibiotics.jpg\" alt=\"Doctor prescribing antibiotics\" width=\"1000\" height=\"401\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Doctor-prescribing-antibiotics.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Doctor-prescribing-antibiotics-980x393.jpg 980w, https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Doctor-prescribing-antibiotics-480x192.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1000px, 100vw\" \/><\/p>\n<p>That brings us to the end of our guide to the history of antibiotics. It\u2019s an important topic that covers more than just history, especially since the biggest problems facing antibiotics have come from ignorance or a misunderstanding of how they work. That\u2019s why we covered all of that and more in this guide.<\/p>\n<p>After reading, you should now know what antibiotics are and how they came to be, along with the problems that face antibiotics throughout their continued use. They occupy a variety of antimicrobial substances that come with their own advantages and disadvantages, there\u2019s no one antibiotic that can treat every <span id=\"urn:enhancement-1454348e-e153-4ecb-9acd-12d7034bacc0\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/bacterial\">bacterial<\/span> <span id=\"urn:enhancement-6f7c0ccd-9613-4d21-971a-df48e11565c1\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/infection\">infection<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>While this means we have a tool for nearly every job, they are becoming dulled by the process of antibiotic resistance. As we use and misuse antibiotics, they are becoming ineffective at treating the same infections that they once cured, and this may pose a grave threat in the future.<\/p>\n<p>Only time will tell if we discover effective ways of combating antibiotic\/multidrug-resistant bacteria. The best the average reader can do is take antibiotics responsibly, by only getting them when absolutely needed and following the prescription advice of your doctor or medical professional. We may later find a solution that renders antibiotics obsolete and completely sidesteps the problem, who knows?<\/p>\n<p>Whether you\u2019re here because you\u2019re interested in the field or you need help from antibiotics to fight an <span id=\"urn:enhancement-337b90d7-1b86-44ac-868f-5e900755ec60\" class=\"textannotation disambiguated wl-thing\" itemid=\"https:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl1503301\/entity\/infection\">infection<\/span>, educating yourself about these world-changing medicines is a great way to understand common illnesses and how we treat them.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Table of Content 1. Introduction 2. What are antibiotics? A. How antibiotics work and their limitations B. When antibiotics are commonly used C. Limitations of antibiotics 3. History of antibiotics A. Ancient antibiotics B. Before modern antibiotics C. Before modern antibiotics D. The beginning of the antibiotic era E. The use of penicillin as a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":5266,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[31],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5264","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5264","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5264"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5264\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5266"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5264"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5264"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5264"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}