{"id":9357,"date":"2024-07-12T05:22:56","date_gmt":"2024-07-12T05:22:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/?p=9357"},"modified":"2024-08-13T08:27:21","modified_gmt":"2024-08-13T08:27:21","slug":"9357-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/types-of-elisa","title":{"rendered":"Types of Elisa Assays"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"western\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Enzyme-Linked <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Immunosorbent<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Assay (ELISA) is a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">solid-phase immunosorbent<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">technique widely used for the detection and quantification of specific proteins, antibodies, or antigens in a sample. The different types of ELISA are tailored for various applications and offer unique advantages in terms of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sensitivity<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, specificity, and versatility.\u00a0In all these methods, the choice of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">reagents<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, such as the enzyme and substrate for detection, plays a crucial role in determining the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sensitivity<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and specificity of the assay. Common detection methods include\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">colorimetric<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fluorescence<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">chemiluminescence<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, each offering different advantages depending on the application.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h1 align=\"justify\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #333399;\">Direct ELISA:<\/span><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Engvall, Perlmann, Van Weemen, and Schuurs independently developed direct ELISA in 1971, paving the way for other ELISA types.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This method effectively detects large antigens. The plate is coated with the antibody or antigen directly, and an enzyme-linked antibody or antigen is used for detection. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It is often used for\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">quantitative<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">analysis, offering quick and straightforward results. However, it may have lower\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sensitivity<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">due to minimal amplification, and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">inhibition<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">effects can be more pronounced. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\">After incubation, any unbound antigens or antibodies are washed away. A substrate is added to create a visible signal, usually a color change. The intensity of this signal is measured to determine the amount of antigen or antibody present.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p align=\"justify\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-9362 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/4.1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"551\" height=\"551\" \/><\/p>\n<table width=\"612\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"4\">\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"276\">\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\"><b>Advantages:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"318\">\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\">Faster process with fewer steps due to using only one antibody.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\">Reduces cross-reactivity compared to methods using secondary antibodies.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"276\">\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\"><b>Disadvantages:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"318\">\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\">Costly and time-consuming to label each primary antibody.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\">Labeling can compromise the antibody&#8217;s effectiveness. Some antibodies can&#8217;t be labeled. Limited flexibility in labeling primary antibodies across experiments leads to minimal signal amplification.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1 align=\"justify\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #333399;\">Indirect ELISA:<\/span><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Lindstr\u00f6m and Wager developed the indirect ELISA technique in 1978, inspired by direct ELISA, to measure porcine IgG. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Indirect ELISA is key in clinical diagnostics. It detects antibodies in blood, showing past exposure to diseases such as Lyme disease, HIV, and bird flu.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\">With indirect ELISA, a secondary antibody is used to detect and separate the antigen instead of the primary antibody.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\">During incubation, if antibodies against the antigen are present in the serum, antigen-antibody complexes form. To visualize these complexes, a secondary antibody tagged with an enzyme that binds specifically to the primary antibody is added. Indirect ELISA is widely used in endocrinology to find antigens.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This method enhances <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sensitivity<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and can be used for both <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">qualitative<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">quantitative<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> assays.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p align=\"justify\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-9361\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/4.2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"550\" height=\"550\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/4.2-980x980.jpg 980w, https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/4.2-480x480.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, 100vw\" \/><\/p>\n<table width=\"571\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"4\">\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td style=\"width: 273.484px;\">\n<p class=\"western\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\"><b>Advantages:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 275.516px;\">\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium; font-family: inherit;\">Allows testing multiple antisera against a specific antigen using a single anti-species conjugate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\">Widely used in diagnostics, especially for screening numerous samples.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\">Enhances signal amplification through secondary antibodies.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td style=\"width: 273.484px;\">\n<p class=\"western\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\"><b>Disadvantages:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 275.516px;\">\n<ol>\n<li class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\">Potential for cross-reactivity with secondary antibodies, causing non-specific signals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\">Requires an additional incubation step in the procedure.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h1 align=\"justify\"><\/h1>\n<h1 align=\"justify\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #333399;\">Sandwich ELISA:<\/span><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Kato and his team developed this technique in 1977. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Sandwich ELISA identifies different strains of pathogens and is useful when the pathogen or antigen is limited.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\">Microplate wells are coated with a capture antibody and blocked to prevent non-specific binding. The sample containing the antigen is then added.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\">The plate is incubated so the antigens can bind to the capture antibodies. After incubation, a wash removes unbound antigens, leaving only the specific ones attached. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This method is particularly useful for\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">quantitative<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0analysis in complex samples. Detection can be achieved using various\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">reagents<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0that produce\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">colorimetric<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">fluorescence<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, or\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">chemiluminescence<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0signals.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Coloration indicates a positive result, showing enzyme activity and antigen presence. No color means a negative result, indicating no antigen.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The target antigen is \u201csandwiched\u201d between two antibodies, giving the method its name, \u201cSandwich ELISA.\u201d This method is 2-5 times more sensitive than other types of ELISA.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-9359\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/4.4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"555\" height=\"555\" \/><\/p>\n<table width=\"571\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"4\">\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td style=\"width: 273.453px;\">\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\"><b>Advantages:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 275.547px;\">\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\">This method quickly and accurately detects antigen concentration in a sample without needing to purify the antigen first.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\">It is useful during epidemics for identifying strains of microorganisms or pathogens, especially when antigen levels are low or there are many other proteins present.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td style=\"width: 273.453px;\">\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\"><b>Disadvantages:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 275.547px;\">\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\">A major drawback is that it requires antigens to have at least two binding sites for antibodies since two antibodies are needed to form the sandwich.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\">This technique can only measure multivalent antigens, like proteins or polysaccharides.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h1 align=\"justify\"><\/h1>\n<h1 align=\"justify\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #333399;\">Competitive ELISA:<\/span><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Yorde and his team developed this method in 1976. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Competitive assays are used when the antigen being measured is small and has only one binding site for antibodies.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Wells are coated with either an antigen-specific antibody or an antibody-specific antigen. The sample and an enzyme-tagged antigen or antibody are added together.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> <span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The tagged and untagged molecules compete to bind to the wells. After washing away unbound molecules, an enzyme substrate is added, causing a color change. It can be used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis, with detection often relying on colorimetric, fluorescence or chemiluminescence signals. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\">The color intensity is inversely related to the analyte concentration: low levels of the antigen or antibody result in high absorbance, while high levels result in low absorbance.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-9360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/4.3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"553\" height=\"553\" \/><\/p>\n<table width=\"571\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"4\">\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"276\">\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\"><b>Advantages:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"276\">\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium; font-family: inherit;\">A main advantage is that primary antibodies can be used without purification.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"276\">\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\"><b>Disadvantages:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"276\">\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\">In competitive ELISA, the signal gets weaker as the original antigen concentration increases. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\">This happens because higher antigen levels in the sample mean fewer labeled antigens stay in the well, resulting in a weaker signal.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h1 align=\"justify\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #333399;\">Multiplex ELISA:<\/span><\/h1>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Multiplex immunoassays are powerful for studying changes in diseases, helping with monitoring and treatment improvements. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Multiplex ELISA expands upon the sandwich ELISA by detecting multiple epitopes on antigens or samples within a single microtiter plate. This advancement resembles protein array formats, enabling simultaneous detection of numerous antigens in one well.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-9358\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/4.5.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"550\" height=\"550\" \/><\/p>\n<table width=\"571\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"4\">\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"276\">\n<p class=\"western\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\"><b>Advantages:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"276\">\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium; font-family: inherit;\">They enable high-throughput analysis with up to 25 assays per well. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium; font-family: inherit;\">They require less sample volume. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium; font-family: inherit;\">Efficient in terms of time and cost. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\">They allow the evaluation of molecule levels alongside multiple others. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\">They provide reliable detection of various proteins across a wide range of concentrations.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"276\">\n<p class=\"western\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\"><b>Disadvantages:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"276\">\n<ol>\n<li class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\">Despite their benefits, multiplex arrays require skilled expertise for proper execution.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\">Multiplex assays can have interactions between multiple antibodies and antigens in the sample or assay solution.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\">Changes to the basic ELISA format have made it more sensitive, convenient, and robust, resulting in faster, more cost-effective tests with reliable results.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\"><b>References<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\">Suleyman Aydin, A short history, principles, and types of ELISA, and our laboratory experience with peptide\/protein analyses using ELISA, Peptides, Volume 72, 2015, <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Pages 4-15, ISSN 0196-9781<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\">Long Wu, Guanghui Li, Xin Xu, Lin Zhu, Riming Huang, Xiaoqiang Chen, Application of Nano-ELISA in food analysis: Recent advances and challenges, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Volume 113, 2019, Pages 140-156, ISSN 0165-9936<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\">Verma, J., Saxena, S., &amp; Babu, S. G. (2012). ELISA-Based Identification and Detection of Microbes. Analyzing Microbes, 169\u2013186. doi:10.1007\/978-3-642-34410-7_13 10.1007\/978-3-642-34410-7_13 <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: medium; color: #000000;\">Tighe, P. J., Ryder, R. R., Todd, I., &amp; Fairclough, L. C. (2015). ELISA in the multiplex era: potentials and pitfalls. PROTEOMICS\u2013Clinical Applications, 9(3-4), 406-422.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Arial, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Okda, F., Liu, X., Singrey, A., Clement, T., Nelson, J., Christopher-Hennings, J., &#8230; &amp; Lawson, S. (2015). Development of an indirect ELISA, blocking ELISA, fluorescent microsphere immunoassay, and fluorescent focus neutralization assay for serologic evaluation of exposure to North American strains of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Arial, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">BMC Veterinary Research<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Arial, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Arial, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">11<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Arial, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, 1-14.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: medium;\">Shafie, M. H., Antony Dass, M., Ahmad Shaberi, H. S., &amp; Zafarina, Z. (2023). Screening and confirmation tests for SARS-CoV-2: benefits and drawbacks. Beni-Suef University journal of basic and applied sciences, 12(1), 6.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent\u00a0Assay (ELISA) is a\u00a0solid-phase immunosorbent\u00a0technique widely used for the detection and quantification of specific proteins, antibodies, or antigens in a sample. The different types of ELISA are tailored for various applications and offer unique advantages in terms of\u00a0sensitivity, specificity, and versatility.\u00a0In all these methods, the choice of\u00a0reagents, such as the enzyme and substrate for [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9357","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9357","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9357"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9357\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9551,"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9357\/revisions\/9551"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9357"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9357"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mybiosource.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9357"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}