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Unconventional myosin

Myosins are actin-based motor molecules with ATPase activity. Unconventional myosins serve in intracellular movements. Their highly divergent tails are presumed to bind to membranous compartments, which would be moved relative to actin filaments (By similarity).

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Unconventional myosin heavy chain 6

Myosins are actin-based motor molecules with ATPase activity. Unconventional myosins serve in intracellular movements. Their highly divergent tails are presumed to bind to membranous compartments, which would be moved relative to actin filaments ().

Unconventional myosin-Ia

Also known as Unconventional myosin-Ia (Brush border 110 kDa protein) (Brush border myosin I) (BBM-I) (BBMI) (Myosin I heavy chain) (MIHC).
Involved in directing the movement of organelles along actin filaments.

Unconventional myosin-Ib

Also known as Unconventional myosin-Ib (MIH-L) (Myosin I alpha) (MMI-alpha) (MMIa).
MYO1B: Motor protein that may participate in process critical to neuronal development and function such as cell migration, neurite outgrowth and vesicular transport. 2 isoforms of the human protein are produced by alternative splicing.

Protein type: Actin-binding; Motility/polarity/chemotaxis; Motor

Cellular Component: actin filament; apical part of cell; brush border; cell-cell adherens junction; cytoplasm; early endosome; endosome membrane; filopodium; perinuclear region of cytoplasm; plasma membrane; trans-Golgi network membrane

Molecular Function: actin filament binding; actin-dependent ATPase activity; ATP binding; microfilament motor activity; phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate binding; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate binding

Biological Process: actin filament bundle formation; actin filament organization; actin filament-based movement; post-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport

Unconventional myosin-Ic

Also known as Unconventional myosin-Ic (Myosin I beta) (MMI-beta) (MMIb).
Myosins are actin-based motor molecules with ATPase activity. Unconventional myosins serve in intracellular movements. Their highly divergent tails are presumed to bind to membranous compartments, which would be moved relative to actin filaments. Involved in glucose transporter recycling in response to insulin by regulating movement of intracellular GLUT4-containing vesicles to the plasma membrane. Component of the hair cell's (the sensory cells of the inner ear) adaptation-motor complex. Acts as a mediator of adaptation of mechanoelectrical transduction in stereocilia of vestibular hair cells. Binds phosphoinositides and links the actin cytoskeleton to cellular membranes ().

Unconventional myosin-Ic-A

Also known as Unconventional myosin-Ic-A (Myosin I beta-A) (MMI-beta-A) (MMIb-A).
Myosins are actin-based motor molecules with ATPase activity. Unconventional myosins serve in intracellular movements. Their highly divergent tails are presumed to bind to membranous compartments, which would be moved relative to actin filaments (). Involved in egg activation by coupling dynamic actin to membrane.

Unconventional myosin-Id

MYO1D: Myosins are actin-based motor molecules with ATPase activity. Unconventional myosins serve in intracellular movements. Their highly divergent tails are presumed to bind to membranous compartments, which would be moved relative to actin filaments.

Protein type: Motility/polarity/chemotaxis; Motor

Chromosomal Location of Human Ortholog: 17q11-q12

Cellular Component: axon; basolateral plasma membrane; brush border; cell soma; cytoplasmic vesicle; endosome; myelin sheath; neuron projection

Molecular Function: actin filament binding; actin-dependent ATPase activity; calmodulin binding; protein domain specific binding

Biological Process: cellular localization

Unconventional myosin-Ie

Also known as Unconventional myosin-Ie (Myosin heavy chain myr 3) (Unconventional myosin 1E).
MYO1E: Myosins are actin-based motor molecules with ATPase activity. Unconventional myosins serve in intracellular movements. Their highly divergent tails bind to membranous compartments, which are then moved relative to actin filaments. Binds to membranes containing anionic phospholipids via its tail domain. Required for normal morphology of the glomerular basement membrane, normal development of foot processes by kidney podocytes and normal kidney function. In dendritic cells, may control the movement of class II-containing cytoplasmic vesicles along the actin cytoskeleton by connecting them with the actin network via ARL14EP and ARL14. Defects in MYO1E are the cause of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis type 6 (FSGS6). A renal pathology defined by the presence of segmental sclerosis in glomeruli and resulting in proteinuria, reduced glomerular filtration rate and progressive decline in renal function. Renal insufficiency often progresses to end-stage renal disease, a highly morbid state requiring either dialysis therapy or kidney transplantation. FSGS6 is a childhood-onset disorder resulting in nephrotic syndrome, which includes massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema.

Protein type: Actin-binding; Motility/polarity/chemotaxis; Motor

Cellular Component: adherens junction; brush border; clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle; cytoplasm; cytoskeleton; intercellular junction; protein complex

Molecular Function: actin filament binding; ATPase activity, coupled; calmodulin binding; phosphoinositide binding; protein complex binding

Biological Process: endocytosis; glomerular basement membrane development; glomerular filtration; hemopoiesis; in utero embryonic development; kidney development; nitrogen compound metabolic process; platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway; post-embryonic hemopoiesis; vasculogenesis

Unconventional myosin-If

MYO1F: Myosins are actin-based motor molecules with ATPase activity. Unconventional myosins serve in intracellular movements. Their highly divergent tails are presumed to bind to membranous compartments, which would be moved relative to actin filaments.

Protein type: Actin-binding; Motility/polarity/chemotaxis; Motor

Cellular Component: cortical actin cytoskeleton; filamentous actin

Biological Process: defense response to Gram-positive bacterium; negative regulation of cell adhesion; neutrophil degranulation; neutrophil mediated immunity; positive regulation of cell migration; regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis; regulation of innate immune response

Unconventional myosin-Ig

MYO1G: Myosins are actin-based motor molecules with ATPase activity. Unconventional myosins serve in intracellular movements. Their highly divergent tails are presumed to bind to membranous compartments, which would be moved relative to actin filaments. 4 isoforms of the human protein are produced by alternative splicing.

Protein type: Contractile; Motor

Chromosomal Location of Human Ortholog: 7p13

Cellular Component: membrane; phagocytic cup; plasma membrane

Molecular Function: phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate binding; phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate binding; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate binding

Biological Process: T cell mediated immunity

Unconventional myosin-Ih

MYO1H: Myosins are actin-based motor molecules with ATPase activity. Unconventional myosins serve in intracellular movements. Their highly divergent tails are presumed to bind to membranous compartments, which would be moved relative to actin filaments. 2 isoforms of the human protein are produced by alternative splicing.

Protein type: Motor

Unconventional myosin-IXa

Also known as Unconventional myosin-IXa (Myr 7) (Unconventional myosin-9a).
MYO9A: Myosins are actin-based motor molecules with ATPase activity. Unconventional myosins serve in intracellular movements. Regulates Rho activity in neurons, has a role in the regulation of neuronal morphology and function. 5 isoforms of the human protein are produced by alternative splicing.

Protein type: GAPs; GAPs, Rac/Rho; Membrane protein, integral; Motility/polarity/chemotaxis; Motor

Unconventional myosin-IXb

Also known as Unconventional myosin-IXb (Unconventional myosin-9b).
MYO9B: Myosins are actin-based motor molecules with ATPase activity. Unconventional myosins serve in intracellular movements. May be involved in the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Binds actin with high affinity both in the absence and presence of ATP and its mechanochemical activity is inhibited by calcium ions. Also acts as a GTPase activating protein on Rho. Genetic variation in MYO9B is the cause of susceptibility to celiac disease type 4 (CELIAC4). It is a multifactorial disorder of the small intestine that is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. It is characterized by malabsorption resulting from inflammatory injury to the mucosa of the small intestine after the ingestion of wheat gluten or related rye and barley proteins. In its classic form, celiac disease is characterized in children by malabsorption and failure to thrive. 2 isoforms of the human protein are produced by alternative splicing.

Protein type: Actin-binding; GAPs; GAPs, Rac/Rho; Motility/polarity/chemotaxis; Motor

Cellular Component: actin filament; cell cortex; cytoplasm; filopodium tip; lamellipodium; membrane; perinuclear region of cytoplasm; ruffle

Molecular Function: actin binding; actin filament binding; actin-dependent ATPase activity; ADP binding; ATP binding; ATP-dependent protein binding; ATPase activity; calmodulin binding; GTPase activator activity; microfilament motor activity; protein binding; protein homodimerization activity; Rho GTPase binding; Roundabout binding; zinc ion binding

Biological Process: actin filament-based movement; ARF protein signal transduction; establishment of cell polarity; macrophage chemotaxis; monocyte chemotaxis; positive regulation of GTPase activity; regulation of Rho protein signal transduction; Rho protein signal transduction

Unconventional myosin-Va

Also known as Unconventional myosin-Va (Dilute myosin heavy chain, non-muscle).
MYO5A: Processive actin-based motor that can move in large steps approximating the 36-nm pseudo-repeat of the actin filament. Involved in melanosome transport. May also be required for some polarization process involved in dendrite formation. May be a homodimer, which associates with multiple calmodulin or myosin light chains. Binds MLPH and MYRIP. Interacts with RIPL2, the interaction is required for its role in dendrite formation. Detected in melanocytes. 3 isoforms of the human protein are produced by alternative splicing.

Protein type: Motility/polarity/chemotaxis; Motor

Cellular Component: actin filament; actomyosin; actomyosin, myosin complex part; axon; cell soma; cytoplasm; cytosol; dendrite; early endosome; endoplasmic reticulum; filopodium tip; Golgi apparatus; intermediate filament; late endosome; lysosome; melanosome; membrane; myosin complex; neuron projection; peroxisome; photoreceptor outer segment; recycling endosome; ribonucleoprotein complex; ruffle; secretory granule; synaptic vesicle; vesicle

Molecular Function: actin binding; ATP binding; ATP-dependent protein binding; calcium ion binding; calcium-dependent protein binding; calmodulin binding; microfilament motor activity; motor activity; protein binding; protein dimerization activity; protein heterodimerization activity; protein kinase binding; Rab GTPase binding; SNARE binding; syntaxin-1 binding

Biological Process: actin filament-based movement; cellular response to insulin stimulus; ER localization; exocytosis; insulin secretion; locomotion during locomotory behavior; long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process; melanin biosynthetic process; melanin metabolic process; melanocyte differentiation; melanosome localization; melanosome transport; myelination; neuromuscular process controlling balance; odontogenesis; pigmentation; pigmentation during development; post-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport; regulation of exocytosis; regulation of inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate receptor activity; secretory granule localization; synapse organization and biogenesis; synaptic transmission; vesicle transport along actin filament; vesicle-mediated transport; visual perception

Unconventional myosin-Vb

MYO5B: May be involved in vesicular trafficking via its association with the CART complex. The CART complex is necessary for efficient transferrin receptor recycling but not for EGFR degradation. Required in a complex with RAB11A and RAB11FIP2 for the transport of NPC1L1 to the plasma membrane. Together with RAB11A participates in CFTR trafficking to the plasma membrane and TF (transferrin) recycling in nonpolarized cells. Together with RAB11A and RAB8A participates in epithelial cell polarization. Together with RAB25 regulates transcytosis. Defects in MYO5B are a cause of diarrhea type 2 (DIAR2). DIAR2 is characterized by onset of intractable life- threatening watery diarrhea during infancy. Two forms are recognized: early-onset MVID with diarrhea beginning in the neonatal period, and late-onset, with first symptoms appearing after 3 or 4 months of life.

Protein type: Motility/polarity/chemotaxis; Motor

Chromosomal Location of Human Ortholog: 18q21

Cellular Component: apical cortex; cytoplasmic vesicle membrane; protein complex; recycling endosome

Molecular Function: microfilament motor activity; protein binding; Rab GTPase binding

Biological Process: endosome localization; renal water homeostasis; vesicle-mediated transport

Disease: Diarrhea 2, With Microvillus Atrophy

Unconventional myosin-Vc

MYO5C: May be involved in transferrin trafficking. Likely to power actin-based membrane trafficking in many physiologically crucial tissues.

Protein type: Motility/polarity/chemotaxis; Motor

Chromosomal Location of Human Ortholog: 15q21

Unconventional myosin-VI

Also known as Unconventional myosin-VI (Unconventional myosin-6).
MYO6: a molecular motor involved in intracellular vesicle and organelle transport. It is one of the so-called unconventional myosins.

Protein type: Actin-binding; Motility/polarity/chemotaxis; Motor

Cellular Component: cell cortex; clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle; coated pit; cytoplasm; cytoplasmic vesicle; DNA-directed RNA polymerase II, holoenzyme; endocytic vesicle; filamentous actin; Golgi apparatus; nuclear membrane; nucleoplasm; nucleus; perinuclear region of cytoplasm; ruffle

Molecular Function: actin filament binding; ADP binding; calmodulin binding; motor activity

Biological Process: actin filament-based movement; DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator; endocytosis; intracellular protein transport; positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; regulation of secretion

Unconventional myosin-VIIa

MYO7A: an actin-based motor molecule with ATPase activity and a calcium sensitive calmodulin binding subunit. May play a role in trafficking of ribbon- synaptic vesicle complexes and renewal of outer photoreceptor disks. Involved in hair-cell vesicle trafficking of aminoglycosides, which are known to induce ototoxicity. Seven alternatively spliced isoforms have been described.

Protein type: Motility/polarity/chemotaxis; Motor

Cellular Component: apical plasma membrane; cytoplasm; cytosol; lysosomal membrane; melanosome; microvillus; myosin complex; photoreceptor connecting cilium; photoreceptor inner segment; photoreceptor outer segment; stereocilium; synapse

Molecular Function: actin binding; actin filament binding; actin-dependent ATPase activity; ADP binding; ATP binding; calmodulin binding; microfilament motor activity; motor activity; protein binding; protein complex binding; protein domain specific binding; protein homodimerization activity; protein N-terminus binding; spectrin binding

Biological Process: actin filament-based movement; auditory receptor cell differentiation; auditory receptor cell stereocilium organization and biogenesis; cell projection organization and biogenesis; equilibrioception; inner ear development; inner ear morphogenesis; inner ear receptor cell differentiation; inner ear receptor stereocilium organization and biogenesis; intracellular protein transport; lysosome organization and biogenesis; mechanoreceptor differentiation; phagocytosis; phagolysosome formation; pigment granule localization; pigment granule transport; post-embryonic organ morphogenesis; sensory perception; sensory perception of light stimulus; sensory perception of sound; visual perception

Unconventional myosin-VIIb

MYO7B: Myosins are actin-based motor molecules with ATPase activity. Their highly divergent tails are presumed to bind to membranous compartments, which would be moved relative to actin filaments. May be have a role in the apical membranes of transporting epithelia. 2 isoforms of the human protein are produced by alternative splicing.

Protein type: Motility/polarity/chemotaxis; Motor

Chromosomal Location of Human Ortholog: 2q21.1

Cellular Component: brush border; microvillus

Molecular Function: protein binding

Unconventional myosin-X

Also known as Unconventional myosin-X (Unconventional myosin-10).
Myosins are actin-based motor molecules with ATPase activity. Unconventional myosins serve in intracellular movements. MYO10 binds to actin filaments and actin bundles and functions as plus end-directed motor. The tail domain binds to membranous compartments containing phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate or integrins, and mediates cargo transport along actin filaments. Regulates cell shape, cell spreading and cell adhesion. May play a role in neurite outgrowth and axon guidance. In hippocampal neurons it induces the formation of dendritic filopodia by trafficking the actin-remodeling protein VASP to the tips of filopodia, where it promotes actin elongation. Plays a role in formation of the podosome belt in osteoclasts (). Stimulates the formation and elongation of filopodia.

Unconventional myosin-XIX

Myosins are actin-based motor molecules with ATPase activity. Unconventional myosins serve in intracellular movements. Their highly divergent tails are presumed to bind to membranous compartments, which would be moved relative to actin filaments. MYO19 is involved in mitochondrial motility ().

Unconventional myosin-XV

Also known as Unconventional myosin-XV (Unconventional myosin-15).
MYO15A: Myosins are actin-based motor molecules with ATPase activity. Unconventional myosins serve in intracellular movements. Their highly divergent tails are presumed to bind to membranous compartments, which would be moved relative to actin filaments. Required for the arrangement of stereocilia in mature hair bundles. Defects in MYO15A are the cause of deafness autosomal recessive type 3 (DFNB3). DFNB3 is a form of sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural deafness results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information.

Protein type: Motility/polarity/chemotaxis; Motor

Cellular Component: stereocilium; stereocilium bundle

Molecular Function: protein binding

Biological Process: inner ear morphogenesis; locomotory behavior; sensory perception of sound

Unconventional myosin-XVB

Also known as Unconventional myosin-XVB (Myosin XVBP) (Unconventional myosin-15B).
MYO15B: Unknown, due to the absence of a functinal motor domain.

Protein type: Motor

Chromosomal Location of Human Ortholog: 17q25.1

Unconventional myosin-XVI

Also known as Unconventional myosin-XVI (Myosin heavy chain myr 8) (Neuronal tyrosine-phosphorylated phosphoinositide-3-kinase adapter 3) (Unconventional myosin-16).
MYO16: Myosins are actin-based motor molecules with ATPase activity. Unconventional myosins serve in intracellular movements. Their highly divergent tails are presumed to bind to membranous compartments, which would be moved relative to actin filaments. May be involved in targeting of the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1 during brain development. Activates PI3K and concomitantly recruits the WAVE1 complex to the close vicinity of PI3K and regulates neuronal morphogenesis. Belongs to the NYAP family. 4 isoforms of the human protein are produced by alternative splicing.

Protein type: Actin-binding; Cell cycle regulation; Contractile; Motor

Cellular Component: cytoplasm; cytosol; membrane; myosin complex; nucleoplasm; perinuclear region of cytoplasm; plasma membrane

Molecular Function: actin binding; actin filament binding; protein binding; protein complex binding; protein phosphatase binding

Biological Process: cerebellum development; negative regulation of cell proliferation; neurite morphogenesis; phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade

Unconventional myosin-XVIIIa

Also known as Unconventional myosin-XVIIIa (Molecule associated with JAK3 N-terminus) (MAJN) (Myosin containing a PDZ domain).
MYO18A: May be involved in the maintenance of the stromal cell architectures required for cell to cell contact. In concert with LURAP1 and CDC42BPA/CDC42BPB, is involved in modulating lamellar actomyosin retrograde flow that is crucial to cell protrusion and migration. 5 isoforms of the human protein are produced by alternative splicing.

Protein type: Actin-binding; Motor

Cellular Component: actomyosin; brush border; cytoskeleton; Golgi apparatus; membrane; nucleoplasm; trans-Golgi network

Molecular Function: actin filament binding; ADP binding; ATP binding

Biological Process: actomyosin structure organization and biogenesis; cell migration; Golgi organization and biogenesis; Golgi vesicle budding; negative regulation of apoptosis; positive regulation of protein secretion

Unconventional myosin-XVIIIb

MYO18B: May be involved in intracellular trafficking of the muscle cell when in the cytoplasm, whereas entering the nucleus, may be involved in the regulation of muscle specific genes. May play a role in the control of tumor development and progression; restored MYO18B expression in lung cancer cells suppresses anchorage-independent growth. 2 isoforms of the human protein are produced by alternative splicing.

Protein type: Motor

Chromosomal Location of Human Ortholog: 22q12.1

Cellular Component: unconventional myosin complex

Disease: Klippel-feil Syndrome 4, Autosomal Recessive, With Myopathy And Facial Dysmorphism

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