AAH47681.1
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UniProt Primary Accession #
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UniProt Secondary Accession #
UniProt Related Accession #
NCBI Official Full Name
S100 calcium binding protein A9
NCBI Official Synonym Full Names
S100 calcium binding protein A9
NCBI Official Synonym Symbols
MIF; NIF; P14; CAGB; CFAG; CGLB; L1AG; LIAG; MRP14; 60B8AG; MAC387 [Similar Products]
NCBI Protein Information
protein S100-A9; MRP-14; calgranulin B; calgranulin-B; calprotectin L1H subunit; leukocyte L1 complex heavy chain; migration inhibitory factor-related protein 14; S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (calgranulin B)
UniProt Protein Name
Protein S100-A9
UniProt Synonym Protein Names
Calgranulin-B; Calprotectin L1H subunit; Leukocyte L1 complex heavy chain; Migration inhibitory factor-related protein 14; MRP-14; p14; S100 calcium-binding protein A9
UniProt Synonym Gene Names
UniProt Entry Name
S10A9_HUMAN
NCBI Summary for S100A9
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range of cells, and involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100 genes include at least 13 members which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. This protein may function in the inhibition of casein kinase and altered expression of this protein is associated with the disease cystic fibrosis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
UniProt Comments for S100A9
Function: S100A9 is a calcium- and zinc-binding protein which plays a prominent role in the regulation of inflammatory processes and immune response. It can induce neutrophil chemotaxis, adhesion, can increase the bactericidal activity of neutrophils by promoting phagocytosis via activation of SYK, PI3K/AKT, and ERK1/2 and can induce degranulation of neutrophils by a MAPK-dependent mechanism. Predominantly found as calprotectin (S100A8/A9) which has a wide plethora of intra- and extracellular functions. The intracellular functions include: facilitating leukocyte arachidonic acid trafficking and metabolism, modulation of the tubulin-dependent cytoskeleton during migration of phagocytes and activation of the neutrophilic NADPH-oxidase. Activates NADPH-oxidase by facilitating the enzyme complex assembly at the cell membrane, transfering arachidonic acid, an essential cofactor, to the enzyme complex and S100A8 contributes to the enzyme assembly by directly binding to NCF2/P67PHOX. The extracellular functions involve proinfammatory, antimicrobial, oxidant-scavenging and apoptosis-inducing activities. Its proinflammatory activity includes recruitment of leukocytes, promotion of cytokine and chemokine production, and regulation of leukocyte adhesion and migration. Acts as an alarmin or a danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule and stimulates innate immune cells via binding to pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (AGER). Binding to TLR4 and AGER activates the MAP-kinase and NF-kappa-B signaling pathways resulting in the amplification of the proinflammatory cascade. Has antimicrobial activity towards bacteria and fungi and exerts its antimicrobial activity probably via chelation of Zn2+ which is essential for microbial growth. Can induce cell death via autophagy and apoptosis and this occurs through the cross-talk of mitochondria and lysosomes via reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the process involves BNIP3. Can regulate neutrophil number and apoptosis by an anti-apoptotic effect; regulates cell survival via ITGAM/ITGB and TLR4 and a signaling mechanism involving MEK-ERK. Its role as an oxidant scavenger has a protective role in preventing exaggerated tissue damage by scavenging oxidants. Can act as a potent amplifier of inflammation in autoimmunity as well as in cancer development and tumor spread. Ref.12 Ref.15 Ref.16 Ref.17 Ref.18 Ref.20 Ref.25 Ref.27 Ref.28 Ref.30 Ref.31 Ref.33 Ref.37 Ref.39 Ref.40 Ref.43 Ref.45
Subunit structure: Homodimer. Preferentially exists as a heterodimer or heterotetramer with S100A8 known as calprotectin (S100A8/A9). S100A9 interacts with ATP2A2
By similarity. S100A9 interacts with AGER, and with the heterodimeric complex formed by TLR4 and LY96 in the presence of calcium and/or zinc ions. S100A9 binds quinoline-3-carboxamides in the presence of calcium and/or zinc ions. S100A9 interacts with beta-APP40 (beta-amyloid protein 40) peptide of APP. Calprotectin (S100A8/9) interacts with CEACAM3 and tubulin filaments in a calcium-dependent manner. Heterotetrameric calprotectin (S100A8/A9) interacts with ANXA6 and associates with tubulin filaments in activated monocytes. Calprotectin (S100A8/9) interacts with NCF2/P67PHOX, RAC1, RAC2, CYBA and CYBB. Ref.12 Ref.13 Ref.14 Ref.16 Ref.18 Ref.20 Ref.21 Ref.27 Ref.28 Ref.30 Ref.43 Ref.44 Ref.46 Ref.47
Subcellular location: Secreted. Cytoplasm. Cytoplasm › cytoskeleton. Cell membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. Note: Predominantly localized in the cytoplasm. Upon elevation of the intracellular calcium level, translocated from the cytoplasm to the cytoskeleton and the cell membrane. Upon neutrophil activation or endothelial adhesion of monocytes, is secreted via a microtubule-mediated, alternative pathway. Ref.12 Ref.13 Ref.17 Ref.21 Ref.30 Ref.43
Tissue specificity: Calprotectin (S100A8/9) is predominantly expressed in myeloid cells. Except for inflammatory conditions, the expression is restricted to a specific stage of myeloid differentiation since both proteins are expressed in circulating neutrophils and monocytes but are absent in normal tissue macrophages and lymphocytes. Under chronic inflammatory conditions, such as psoriasis and malignant disorders, also expressed in the epidermis. Found in high concentrations at local sites of inflammation or in the serum of patients with inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid, cystic fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, giant cell arteritis, cystic fibrosis, Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and progressive systemic sclerosis. Involved in the formation and deposition of amyloids in the aging prostate known as corpora amylacea inclusions. Strongly up-regulated in many tumors, including gastric, esophageal, colon, pancreatic, bladder, ovarian, thyroid, breast and skin cancers. Ref.1 Ref.2 Ref.12 Ref.13 Ref.17
Post-translational modification: Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation inhibits activation of tubulin polymerization. Ref.9 Ref.16 Ref.19
Sequence similarities: Belongs to the S-100 family.Contains 2 EF-hand domains.
Mass spectrometry: Molecular mass is 13115 Da from positions 2 - 114. Determined by MALDI. Ref.46
Research Articles on S100A9
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Products associated with S100A9 peptide
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Organs/Tissues associated with S100A9 peptide
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