Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 (MAPK1) Human Recombinant Protein

This gene encodes a member of the MAP kinase family. MAP kinases, also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development. The activation of this kinase requires its phosphorylation by upstream kinases. Upon activation, this kinase translocates to the nucleus of the stimulated cells, where it phosphorylates nuclear targets. One study also suggests that this protein acts as a transcriptional repressor independent of its kinase activity. The encoded protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein, but differing in the UTRs, have been reported for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

ERK2: a serine/threonine kinase of the GMGC group that plays a critical role in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. ERK1 (MAPK3) and ERK2 (MAPK1) play central roles in MAPK cascades and are activated by a wide variety of extracellular signals including growth and neurotrophic factors, cytokines, hormones and neurotransmitters. Depending on the cellular context, MAPK cascades mediate diverse biological functions such as cell growth, adhesion, survival and differentiation through the regulation of transcription, translation, cytoskeletal rearrangements. MAPK cascades also plays a role in initiation and regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells by phosphorylating a number of transcription factors. Activation of MAP kinases occurs through phosphorylation of threonine and tyrosine residues at the sequence T*EY* by upstream MAP kinase kinases, MEK1 and -2. Phosphorylation of both the threonine and tyrosine are required for activity. This phosphorylation causes dramatic conformational changes, which enable full activation and interaction of MAPK1/ERK2 with its substrates.

Protein type: Protein kinase, Ser/Thr (non-receptor); EC 2.7.11.24; Kinase, protein; Protein kinase, CMGC; CMGC group; MAPK family; MAPK/ERK subfamily; ERK subfamily

Chromosomal Location of Human Ortholog: 22q11.21

Cellular Component: dendrite cytoplasm; Golgi apparatus; protein complex; focal adhesion; mitochondrion; early endosome; perikaryon; pseudopodium; caveola; cytosol; microtubule cytoskeleton; nucleoplasm; cytoskeleton; axon; late endosome; cytoplasm; microtubule organizing center; nucleus

Molecular Function: MAP kinase activity; RNA polymerase subunit kinase activity; protein serine/threonine kinase activity; protein binding; DNA binding; phosphotyrosine binding; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase binding; transcription factor binding; ATP binding; phosphatase binding

Biological Process: activation of MAPKK activity; nerve growth factor receptor signaling pathway; viral reproduction; activation of MAPK activity; response to toxin; positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent; stress-activated MAPK cascade; toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway; sensory perception of pain; T cell receptor signaling pathway; protein amino acid phosphorylation; toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway; B cell receptor signaling pathway; regulation of transcription factor activity; small GTPase mediated signal transduction; toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway; platelet activation; fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway; transcription, DNA-dependent; toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway; regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade; organ morphogenesis; nuclear translocation of MAPK; response to estrogen stimulus; toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway; regulation of cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis; axon guidance; positive regulation of translation; apoptosis; regulation of protein stability; signal transduction; chemotaxis; toll-like receptor 10 signaling pathway; synaptic transmission; response to exogenous dsRNA; positive regulation of cell proliferation; lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway; response to stress; epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway; MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway; peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation; MAPKKK cascade; mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation; cell cycle; MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway; negative regulation of cell differentiation; peptidyl-serine phosphorylation; cytosine metabolic process; Ras protein signal transduction; toll-like receptor signaling pathway; insulin receptor signaling pathway; innate immune response; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway; blood coagulation; response to DNA damage stimulus; positive regulation of cell migration