Ubiquitin Gly76 to Ala76 Mutation (UBA52) Human Recombinant Protein

Ubiquitin is a highly conserved nuclear and cytoplasmic protein that has a major role in targeting cellular proteins for degradation by the 26S proteosome. It is also involved in the maintenance of chromatin structure, the regulation of gene expression, and the stress response. Ubiquitin is synthesized as a precursor protein consisting of either polyubiquitin chains or a single ubiquitin moiety fused to an unrelated protein. This gene encodes a fusion protein consisting of ubiquitin at the N terminus and ribosomal protein L40 at the C terminus, a C-terminal extension protein (CEP). Multiple processed pseudogenes derived from this gene are present in the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

UBA52: the gene (UBA52) that encodes this protein is one of four that encode for ubiquitin: UBC, UBB, UBA52 and RPS27A. UBB and UBC genes code for a polyubiquitin precursor with exact head to tail repeats, the number of repeats differ between species and strains. UBA52 and RPS27A genes code for a single copy of ubiquitin fused to the ribosomal proteins L40 and S27a, respectively. The RPS27A gene product is cleaved into the following 2 chains: ubiquitin (amino acids 1-76) and the 60S ribosomal protein L40 (77 ? 128). Ubiquitin is a peptide 76 amino acids in length that can be covalently attached to target lysines either as a monomer or as a lysine-linked polymer. Hundreds of ubiquitin ligases and hydrolases have been identified, implicating ubiquitin as a major regulatory element in many crucial cellular systems. It can be covalently bound to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-6-linked may be involved in DNA repair; Lys-11-linked is involved in ERAD (endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation) and in cell-cycle regulation; Lys-29-linked is involved in lysosomal degradation; Lys-33-linked is involved in kinase modification; Lys-48-linked is involved in protein degradation via the proteasome; Lys-63-linked is involved in endocytosis, DNA-damage responses as well as in signaling processes leading to activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa-B. Linear polymer chains formed via attachment by the initiator Met lead to cell signaling. Ubiquitin is usually conjugated to Lys residues of target proteins, however, in rare cases, conjugation to Cys or Ser residues has been observed. When polyubiquitin is free (unanchored-polyubiquitin), it also has distinct roles, such as in activation of protein kinases, and in signaling. At the protein level, it is not possible to easily determine which of the four genes encoded a given ubiquitin chain.

Protein type: Translation; Ribosomal

Chromosomal Location of Human Ortholog: 19p13.1-p12

Cellular Component: nucleoplasm; lysosomal membrane; plasma membrane; ribosome; endosome membrane; cytosol

Molecular Function: protein binding; structural constituent of ribosome

Biological Process: circadian rhythm; I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade; SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane; negative regulation of ubiquitin-protein ligase activity during mitotic cell cycle; protein polyubiquitination; viral reproduction; nerve growth factor receptor signaling pathway; positive regulation of apoptosis; activation of MAPK activity; stress-activated MAPK cascade; toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway; endosome transport; T cell receptor signaling pathway; DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest; activation of NF-kappaB transcription factor; toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway; regulation of apoptosis; antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I; transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway; translational initiation; JNK cascade; antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I; viral transcription; G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle; toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway; regulation of interferon type I production; glycogen biosynthetic process; positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade; fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway; transcription, DNA-dependent; antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I, TAP-dependent; Notch receptor processing; glucose metabolic process; virus assembly; toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway; translational elongation; carbohydrate metabolic process; mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay; viral protein processing; positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway; negative regulation of interferon type I production; G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle; negative regulation of apoptosis; positive regulation of ubiquitin-protein ligase activity during mitotic cell cycle; negative regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway; translation; apoptosis; pathogenesis; translational termination; negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; viral infectious cycle; toll-like receptor 10 signaling pathway; anaphase-promoting complex-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; positive regulation of interferon type I production; transmembrane transport; epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway; transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter; Notch signaling pathway; cytokine and chemokine mediated signaling pathway; MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway; protein modification process; DNA repair; MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway; cellular protein metabolic process; regulation of ubiquitin-protein ligase activity during mitotic cell cycle; toll-like receptor signaling pathway; innate immune response; gene expression; mitotic cell cycle; negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway