PDK4 Antibody – Polyclonal

This gene is a member of the PDK/BCKDK protein kinase family and encodes a mitochondrial protein with a histidine kinase domain. This protein is located in the matrix of the mitrochondria and inhibits the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by phosphorylating one of its subunits, thereby contributing to the regulation of glucose metabolism. Expression of this gene is regulated by glucocorticoids, retinoic acid and insulin. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

PDHK4: an ubiquitously expressed, atypical protein kinase associated with the mitochondrial matrix. The PDHKs play crucial roles in switching metabolic flux from oxidative phosphorylation towards glycolysis. PDHK4 is abundant in heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, and pancreatic islets. Contains a HATPase_c catalytic domain, found in several ATP-binding proteins including protein histidine kinases (PHKs), PHDKs, DNA gyrase B, topoisomerases, heat shock proteins, and DNA mismatch repair proteins. PDHK regulates glucose oxidation through inhibitory phosphorylation of the E1 alpha subunit of the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) at any one of 3 inhibitory serine residues. Inhibitory sites 1, 2, and 3 correspond to S293, S300, and S232 in human PDHA1, respectively. Four PDHK isoenzymes have been described, each with different site specificity: all four phosphorylate sites 1 and 2 but at different rates; for site 1 PDHK2 >PDHK4 >PDHK1 >PDHK3; for site 2, PDHK3> PDHK4 > PDHK2 > PDHK1. Only PDHK1 phosphorylates site 3. PDHKs are recruited to the PDHC by binding to a lipoyl group covalently attached to the inner lipoyl domain of the E2 component. PDHA1 deficiency is the most common enzyme defect in patients with primary lactic acidosis. Suppression of PDH by PDHK inhibits the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, attenuates mitochondrial respiration, and may contribute to the increased lactate production observed in many tumors. The PDH pathway is repressed in a majority of non-small cell lung carcinomas. Inhibited by AZD7545, dichloroacetate (DCA), and radicicol. Radicicol inhibits kinase activity by binding directly to the ATP-binding pocket of PDHK, similar to HSP90 from the same ATPase/kinase superfamily.

Protein type: EC 2.7.11.2; Protein kinase, atypical; Kinase, protein; Mitochondrial; ATYPICAL group; PDHK family

Chromosomal Location of Human Ortholog: 7q21.3

Cellular Component: mitochondrial inner membrane; mitochondrial matrix; mitochondrion

Molecular Function: ATP binding; protein kinase activity; pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) kinase activity

Biological Process: cellular response to starvation; glucose homeostasis; glucose metabolic process; insulin receptor signaling pathway; positive regulation of defense response to virus by host; protein amino acid phosphorylation; regulation of acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from pyruvate; regulation of bone resorption; regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process; regulation of fatty acid oxidation; regulation of pH; response to starvation