ATG12 Antibody – Goat Polyclonal

Autophagy is a process of bulk protein degradation in which cytoplasmic components, including organelles, are enclosed in double-membrane structures called autophagosomes and delivered to lysosomes or vacuoles for degradation. ATG12 is the human homolog of a yeast protein involved in autophagy (Mizushima et al., 1998 [PubMed 9852036]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

Function: Ubiquitin-like protein involved in autophagy vesicles formation. Conjugation with ATG5 through an ubiquitin-like conjugating system involving also ATG7 as an E1-like activating enzyme and ATG10 as an E2-like conjugating enzyme, is essential for its function. The ATG12-ATG5 conjugate acts as an E3-like enzyme which is required for lipidation of ATG8 family proteins and their association to the vesicle membranes. The ATG12-ATG5 conjugate also regulates negatively the innate antiviral immune response by blocking the type I IFN production pathway through direct association with RARRES3 and MAVS. Plays also a role in translation or delivery of incoming viral RNA to the translation apparatus. Ref.5 Ref.9 Ref.11 Ref.12 Ref.14 Ref.16 Ref.19

Subunit structure: Forms a conjugate with ATG5. The ATG12-ATG5 conjugate forms a complex with several units of ATG16L. Interacts with ATG3, ATG7 and ATG10. ATG12-ATG5 also interacts with MAVS, MGA, RARRES3 and TECPR1. Ref.4 Ref.5 Ref.6 Ref.9 Ref.18 Ref.19

Subcellular location: Cytoplasm

By similarity. Preautophagosomal structure membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. Note: TECPR1 recruits the ATG12-ATG5 conjugate to the autolysosomal membrane. Ref.18

Tissue specificity: Ubiquitous. Ref.1

Induction: Expression is induced by mitochondrial DNA deletions, chloramphenicol and nicotinamide. Ref.8 Ref.13

Domain: Shares weak sequence similarity with ubiquitin family, but contains an 'ubiquitin superfold' and the C-terminal Gly is required for isopeptide linkage. Ref.10

Post-translational modification: Acetylated by EP300. Ref.15

Miscellaneous: Small amount of ATG5-ATG12 conjugate is enough to perform normal autophagy.

Sequence similarities: Belongs to the ATG12 family.

Sequence caution: The sequence AAH12266.2 differs from that shown. Reason: Erroneous initiation. Translation N-terminally shortened.