GAPDH Antibody – Goat Polyclonal

This gene encodes a member of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein family. A similar protein in human and mouse has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions. The encoded protein was originally identified as a key glycolytic enzyme that converts D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) into 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate. Subsequent studies in human and mouse have assigned a variety of additional functions to the protein including nitrosylation of nuclear proteins. Many pseudogenes similar to this locus are found throughout the rat genome. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

Function: Has both glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and nitrosylase activities, thereby playing a role in glycolysis and nuclear functions, respectively. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is a key enzyme in glycolysis that catalyzes the first step of the pathway by converting D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) into 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate. Modulates the organization and assembly of the cytoskeleton. Facilitates the CHP1-dependent microtubule and membrane associations through its ability to stimulate the binding of CHP1 to microtubules. Also participates in nuclear events including transcription, RNA transport, DNA replication and apoptosis. Nuclear functions are probably due to the nitrosylase activity that mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of nuclear target proteins such as SIRT1, HDAC2 and PRKDC. Component of the GAIT (gamma interferon-activated inhibitor of translation) complex which mediates interferon-gamma-induced transcript-selective translation inhibition in inflammation processes. Upon interferon-gamma treatment assembles into the GAIT complex which binds to stem loop-containing GAIT elements in the 3'-UTR of diverse inflammatory mRNAs (such as ceruplasmin) and suppresses their translation

By similarity. Ref.3 Ref.12 Ref.13 Ref.15

Catalytic activity: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + phosphate + NAD+ = 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate + NADH.

Pathway: Carbohydrate degradation; glycolysis; pyruvate from D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate: step 1/5.

Subunit structure: Homotetramer. Interacts with EIF1AD, USP25, PRKCI and WARS. Interacts with TPPP; the interaction is direct

By similarity. Interacts (when S-nitrosylated) with SIAH1; leading to nuclear translocation. Interacts with RILPL1/GOSPEL, leading to prevent the interaction between GAPDH and SIAH1 and prevent nuclear translocation. Interacts with CHP1; the interaction increases the binding of CHP1 with microtubules. Associates with microtubules. Component of the GAIT complex

By similarity. Ref.12 Ref.13 Ref.14 Ref.15

Subcellular location: Cytoplasm › cytosol. Cytoplasm › cytoskeleton. Nucleus. Note: Translocates to the nucleus following S-nitrosylation and interaction with SIAH1, which contains a nuclear localization signal. Colocalizes with CHP1 to small punctate structures along the microtubules tracks. Ref.12 Ref.13 Ref.14 Ref.15

Tissue specificity: High levels in skeletal muscle and heart, low levels in liver, brain, and kidney. Ref.8

Post-translational modification: S-nitrosylation of Cys-150 leads to interaction with SIAH1, followed by translocation to the nucleus. The effect of S-nitrosylation on enzymatic activity is unclear: according to some authors, it inhibits enzymatic activity and increases endogenous ADP-ribosylation, inhibiting the enzyme in a non-reversible manner (Ref.11). According to others, it does not affect glycolysis (Ref.13). ADP-ribosylation is likely to be a pathophysiological event associated with inhibition of gluconeogenesis.ISGylated

By similarity.Sulfhydration at Cys-150 increases catalytic activity

By similarity.

Sequence similarities: Belongs to the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.