PAK-1,2,3 (Thr402) (PAK1-3) Antibody – Rabbit Polyclonal

Function: Protein kinase involved in intracellular signaling pathways downstream of integrins and receptor-type kinases that plays an important role in cytoskeleton dynamics, in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, apoptosis, mitosis, and in vesicle-mediated transport processes. Can directly phosphorylate BAD and protects cells against apoptosis. Activated by interaction with CDC42 and RAC1. Functions as GTPase effector that links the Rho-related GTPases CDC42 and RAC1 to the JNK MAP kinase pathway. Phosphorylates and activates MAP2K1, and thereby mediates activation of downstream MAP kinases. Involved in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, actin stress fibers and of focal adhesion complexes. Phosphorylates the tubulin chaperone TBCB and thereby plays a role in the regulation of microtubule biogenesis and organization of the tubulin cytoskeleton. Plays a role in the regulation of insulin secretion in response to elevated glucose levels. Part of a ternary complex that contains PAK1, DVL1 and MUSK that is important for MUSK-dependent regulation of AChR clustering during the formation of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Activity is inhibited in cells undergoing apoptosis, potentially due to binding of CDC2L1 and CDC2L2. Phosphorylates MYL9/MLC2. Phosphorylates RAF1 at 'Ser-338' and 'Ser-339' resulting in: activation of RAF1, stimulation of RAF1 translocation to mitochondria, phosphorylation of BAD by RAF1, and RAF1 binding to BCL2. Phosphorylates SNAI1 at 'Ser-246' promoting its transcriptional repressor activity by increasing its accumulation in the nucleus. In podocytes, promotes NR3C2 nuclear localization. Required for atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2-induced phosphorylation of LIMK1 and cofilin (CFL1) and for the up-regulation of ACKR2 from endosomal compartment to cell membrane, increasing its efficiency in chemokine uptake and degradation. In synapses, seems to mediate the regulation of F-actin cluster formation performed by SHANK3, maybe through CFL1 phosphorylation and inactivation. Ref.5 Ref.7 Ref.8 Ref.10 Ref.11 Ref.12

Catalytic activity: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. Ref.5

Cofactor: Magnesium.

Enzyme regulation: Phosphorylation of Thr-84 by OXSR1 inhibits activation

By similarity. Activated by binding small G proteins. Binding of GTP-bound CDC42 or RAC1 to the autoregulatory region releases monomers from the autoinhibited dimer, and enables activation by phosphorylation of Thr-422. Ref.5 Ref.7 Ref.11

Subunit structure: Homodimer in its autoinhibited state. Active as monomer. Component of cytoplasmic complexes, which also contains PXN, ARHGEF6 and GIT1. Interacts with NISCH. Interacts with DVL1; mediates the formation of a DVL1, MUSK and PAK1 ternary complex involved in AChR clustering. Binds to the caspase-cleaved p110 isoform ofCDC2L1 and CDC2L2, p110C, but not the full-length proteins. Interacts with ARHGEF7. Probably found in a ternary complex composed of DSCAM, PAK1 and RAC1. Interacts with DSCAM (via cytoplasmic domain); the interaction is direct and enhanced in presence of RAC1. Interacts with SCRIB. Interacts with PDPK1. Interacts (via kinase domain) with RAF1. Interacts with NCK1 and NCK2. Interacts with TBCB. Interacts with CRIPAK. Interacts with BRSK2

By similarity. Interacts tightly with GTP-bound but not GDP-bound CDC42/P21 and RAC1. Interacts with SNAI1

By similarity. Ref.5 Ref.11 Ref.15

Subcellular location: Cytoplasm

By similarity. Cell junction › focal adhesion

By similarity. Cell membrane

By similarity. Note: Recruited to the cell membrane by interaction with CDC42 and RAC1. Recruited to focal adhesions upon activation

By similarity. Ref.5 Ref.7 Ref.8

Tissue specificity: Expressed predominantly in the brain, with higher expression in neuronal groups associated with motor function, and at lower levels in the spleen. Ref.4

Developmental stage: Found in the embryonic CNS with little expression elsewhere.

Post-translational modification: Autophosphorylated in trans, meaning that in a dimer, one kinase molecule phosphorylates the other one. Activated by autophosphorylation at Thr-422 in response to a conformation change, triggered by interaction with GTP-bound CDC42 or RAC1. Activated by phosphorylation at Thr-422 by PDPK1. Phosphorylated by JAK2 in response to PRL; this increases PAK1 kinase activity. Phosphorylated at Ser-21 by PKB/AKT; this reduces interaction with NCK1 and association with focal adhesion sites

By similarity. Activated by phosphorylation at Thr-422 by BRSK2. Ref.5 Ref.11 Ref.13

Sequence similarities: Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family. STE20 subfamily.Contains 1 CRIB domain.Contains 1 protein kinase domain.