Heat Shock Protein 104 (HSP104) Antibody – Rabbit Polyclonal

Function: Required, in concert with Hsp40 (YDJ1) and Hsp70 (SSA1) and small Hsps (HSP26), for the dissociation, resolubilization and refolding of aggregates of damaged proteins after heat or other environmental stresses. Extracts proteins from aggregates by unfolding and threading them in an ATP-dependent process through the axial channel of the protein hexamer, after which they can be refolded by components of the Hsp70/Hsp40 chaperone system. Substrate binding is ATP-dependent, and release of bound polypeptide is triggered by ATP hydrolysis. Also responsible for the maintenance of prions by dissociating prion fibrils into smaller oligomers, thereby producing transmissible seeds that can infect daughter cells during mitosis and meiosis. Loss of HSP104 can cure yeast cells of the prions [PSI+], [URE3] and [PIN+]. Excess HSP104 can also specifically cure cells of [PSI+]. Ref.6 Ref.7 Ref.8 Ref.10 Ref.11 Ref.12 Ref.14 Ref.17 Ref.19 Ref.20 Ref.21 Ref.23 Ref.27 Ref.31 Ref.36 Ref.39 Ref.40 Ref.41 Ref.44 Ref.45 Ref.47 Ref.48 Ref.49 Ref.50 Ref.54

Enzyme regulation: Inhibited by micromolar concentrations of guanidinium chloride. Inhibits the ATPase activity, but does not dissociate the hexameric protein. Ref.35

Subunit structure: Homohexamer, forming a ring with a central pore. The hexamer is stabilized by high protein concentrations and by ADP or ATP. Oligomerization influences ATP hydrolysis activity at NBD2. Interacts with YDJ1. Interacts (via C-terminal DDLD tetrapeptide) with CNS1, CPR7 and STI1 (via TPR repeats); under respiratory growth conditions. Ref.9 Ref.14 Ref.17 Ref.22 Ref.24 Ref.43 Ref.46 Ref.52

Subcellular location: Cytoplasm. Nucleus. Note: Shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus in an importin KAP95- and KAP121-dependent and an exportin XPO1-dependent manner. Accumulation in the nucleus is enhanced by severe heat shock. In the cytoplasm, concentrates on a perivacuolar compartment, the 'insoluble protein deposit' (IPOD), in which terminally aggregated proteins are sequestered. It is also found, to a lesser extend, at a 'juxtanuclear quality control' (JUNQ) compartment, where soluble ubiquitinated misfolded proteins accumulate. Ref.13 Ref.18 Ref.32 Ref.55 Ref.56

Induction: By heat stress dependent on the heat shock transcription factor HSF1 and the general stress transcription factors MSN2 and MSN4. Expressed at a higher level in respiring cells than in fermenting cells. Expressed in stationary phase cells and spores (at protein level). Ref.7 Ref.9 Ref.12 Ref.28 Ref.35 Ref.38

Domain: Has 2 AAA ATPase type nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs) per monomer, a low-affinity, high-turnover site (NBD1) and a high-affinity site (NBD2) with a 300-fold slower rate of hydrolysis. There is allosteric regulation between the 2 sites. ATP binding to NBD1 triggers binding of polypeptides and stimulates ATP hydrolysis at NBD2. Nucleotide binding to NBD2 is crucial for oligomerization.The C-terminal extension is involved in oligomerization.

Miscellaneous: Present with 32800 molecules/cell in log phase SD medium. Ref.33

Sequence similarities: Belongs to the clpA/clpB family.

Biophysicochemical propertiesKinetic parameters:KM=170 µM for ATP (at NBD1) Ref.15 Ref.17 Ref.24 Ref.25 Ref.36KM=4.7 µM for ATP (at NBD2)Vmax=1.25 nmol/min/µg enzyme for ATP