ENO1 Antibody – Rabbit Polyclonal

This gene encodes alpha-enolase, one of three enolase isoenzymes found in mammals. Each isoenzyme is a homodimer composed of 2 alpha, 2 gamma, or 2 beta subunits, and functions as a glycolytic enzyme. Alpha-enolase in addition, functions as a structural lens protein (tau-crystallin) in the monomeric form. Alternative splicing of this gene results in a shorter isoform that has been shown to bind to the c-myc promoter and function as a tumor suppressor. Several pseudogenes have been identified, including one on the long arm of chromosome 1. Alpha-enolase has also been identified as an autoantigen in Hashimoto encephalopathy. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

Function: Multifunctional enzyme that, as well as its role in glycolysis, plays a part in various processes such as growth control, hypoxia tolerance and allergic responses. May also function in the intravascular and pericellular fibrinolytic system due to its ability to serve as a receptor and activator of plasminogen on the cell surface of several cell-types such as leukocytes and neurons. Stimulates immunoglobulin production. Ref.3 Ref.18 Ref.20 Ref.21 Ref.22MBP1 binds to the myc promoter and acts as a transcriptional repressor. May be a tumor suppressor. Ref.3 Ref.18 Ref.20 Ref.21 Ref.22

Catalytic activity: 2-phospho-D-glycerate = phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O. Ref.18

Cofactor: Magnesium. Required for catalysis and for stabilizing the dimer.

Pathway: Carbohydrate degradation; glycolysis; pyruvate from D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate: step 4/5.

Subunit structure: Mammalian enolase is composed of 3 isozyme subunits, alpha, beta and gamma, which can form homodimers or heterodimers which are cell-type and development-specific. ENO1 interacts with PLG in the neuronal plasma membrane and promotes its activation. The C-terminal lysine is required for this binding

By similarity. Ref.23 Ref.27

Subcellular location: Cytoplasm. Cell membrane. Cytoplasm › myofibril › sarcomere › M line. Note: Can translocate to the plasma membrane in either the homodimeric (alpha/alpha) or heterodimeric (alpha/gamma) form. ENO1 is localized to the M line. Ref.21Isoform MBP-1: Nucleus Ref.21.

Tissue specificity: The alpha/alpha homodimer is expressed in embryo and in most adult tissues. The alpha/beta heterodimer and the beta/beta homodimer are found in striated muscle, and the alpha/gamma heterodimer and the gamma/gamma homodimer in neurons.

Developmental stage: During ontogenesis, there is a transition from the alpha/alpha homodimer to the alpha/beta heterodimer in striated muscle cells, and to the alpha/gamma heterodimer in nerve cells.

Induction: Induced in diffuse large cell lymphoma (DLCL) after treatment with the natural biological agent, Bryo1. Up-regulated in response to enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection (at protein level). Ref.19 Ref.31

Post-translational modification: ISGylated. Ref.29 Ref.32

Miscellaneous: Used as a diagnostic marker for many tumors and, in the heterodimeric form, alpha/gamma, as a marker for hypoxic brain injury after cardiac arrest. Also marker for endometriosis. Antibodies against alpha-enolase are present in sera from patients with cancer-associated retinopathy syndrome (CAR), a progressive blinding disease which occurs in the presence of systemic tumor growth, primarily small-cell carcinoma of the lung and other malignancies. Is identified as an autoantigen in Hashimoto encephalopathy (HE) a rare autoimmune disease associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT). HT is a disorder in which destructive processes overcome the potential capacity of thyroid replacement leading to hypothyroidism.

Sequence similarities: Belongs to the enolase family.

Biophysicochemical propertiespH dependence:Enolase activity is lost above pH 9.0. Immunoglobulin production stimulating activity is retained at pH 13.0. Ref.18

Sequence caution: The sequence AAA35698.1 differs from that shown. Reason: Frameshift at several positions. The sequence AAA35698.1 differs from that shown. Reason: Sequencing errors.