MMP-9 (MMP9) Antibody – Mouse Monoclonal

Proteins of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family are involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix in normal physiological processes, such as embryonic development, reproduction, and tissue remodeling, as well as in disease processes, such as arthritis and metastasis. Most MMP's are secreted as inactive proproteins which are activated when cleaved by extracellular proteinases. The enzyme encoded by this gene degrades type IV and V collagens. Studies in rhesus monkeys suggest that the enzyme is involved in IL-8-induced mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells from bone marrow, and murine studies suggest a role in tumor-associated tissue remodeling. [provided by RefSeq]

Function: May play an essential role in local proteolysis of the extracellular matrix and in leukocyte migration. Could play a role in bone osteoclastic resorption. Cleaves KiSS1 at a Gly-|-Leu bond. Cleaves type IV and type V collagen into large C-terminal three quarter fragments and shorter N-terminal one quarter fragments. Degrades fibronectin but not laminin or Pz-peptide. Ref.16

Catalytic activity: Cleavage of gelatin types I and V and collagen types IV and V. Ref.16

Cofactor: Binds 2 zinc ions per subunit.Binds 3 calcium ions per subunit.

Enzyme regulation: Inhibited by histatin-3 1/24 (histatin-5). Inhibited by ECM1. Ref.19 Ref.21

Subunit structure: Exists as monomer or homodimer; disulfide-linked. Exists also as heterodimer with a 25 kDa protein. Macrophages and transformed cell lines produce only the monomeric form. Interacts with ECM1. Ref.18 Ref.21 Ref.27

Subcellular location: Secreted › extracellular space › extracellular matrix

Probable.

Tissue specificity: Produced by normal alveolar macrophages and granulocytes.

Induction: Activated by 4-aminophenylmercuric acetate and phorbol ester. Up-regulated by ARHGEF4, SPATA13 and APC via the JNK signaling pathway in colorectal tumor cells. Ref.11 Ref.12 Ref.19 Ref.21 Ref.24

Domain: The conserved cysteine present in the cysteine-switch motif binds the catalytic zinc ion, thus inhibiting the enzyme. The dissociation of the cysteine from the zinc ion upon the activation-peptide release activates the enzyme.

Post-translational modification: Processing of the precursor yields different active forms of 64, 67 and 82 kDa. Sequentially processing by MMP3 yields the 82 kDa matrix metalloproteinase-9.N- and O-glycosylated. Ref.9

Involvement in disease: Defects in MMP9 may be a cause of susceptibility to intervertebral disc disease (IDD) [

MIM:603932]; also known as lumbar disk herniation (LDH). IDD is one of the most common musculo-skeletal disorders and the predominant cause of low-back pain and unilateral leg pain. Ref.22Defects in MMP9 are the cause of metaphyseal anadysplasia type 2 (MANDP2) [

MIM:613073]. Metaphyseal anadysplasia consists of an abnormal bone development characterized by severe skeletal changes that, in contrast with the progressive course of most other skeletal dysplasias, resolve spontaneously with age. Clinical characteristics are evident from the first months of life and include slight shortness of stature and a mild varus deformity of the legs. Patients attain a normal stature in adolescence and show improvement or complete resolution of varus deformity of the legs and rhizomelic micromelia.

Miscellaneous: In the arthritis patient this enzyme might contribute to the pathogenesis of joint destruction and might constitute a useful marker of disease status.

Sequence similarities: Belongs to the peptidase M10A family.Contains 3 fibronectin type-II domains.Contains 4 hemopexin-like domains.