P38 Alpha (MAPK14) Antibody – Mouse Monoclonal

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the MAP kinase family. MAP kinases act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development. This kinase is activated by various environmental stresses and proinflammatory cytokines. The activation requires its phosphorylation by MAP kinase kinases (MKKs), or its autophosphorylation triggered by the interaction of MAP3K7IP1/TAB1 protein with this kinase. The substrates of this kinase include transcription regulator ATF2, MEF2C, and MAX, cell cycle regulator CDC25B, and tumor suppressor p53, which suggest the roles of this kinase in stress related transcription and cell cycle regulation, as well as in genotoxic stress response. Four alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

P38A: a proline-directed ser/thr MAP kinase, and one of four p38 kinases that play important roles in cellular responses to inflammatory cytokines, DNA damage, oxidative stress, and some GPCRs, leading to direct activation of transcription factors and of other downstream kinases including MSK1, MSK2, eEF2K, MK2, and PRAK. MSK1 and -2 play important roles in the rapid induction of immediate-early genes in response to stress or mitogenic stimuli. MK2 and -3 control gene expression mostly at the post-transcriptional level. eEF2K is important for the elongation of mRNA during translation. Ectodomain shedding of transmembrane proteins is regulated by p38 MAPKs as well. In response to inflammatory stimuli, p38 MAPKs phosphorylate the membrane-associated metalloprotease ADAM17, which then cleaves the ectodomain of TGF-alpha family ligands, a process leading to the activation of EGFR signaling and cell proliferation. In the nucleus, many transcription factors are phosphorylated and activated by p38 MAPKs in response to different stimuli. Classical examples include ATF1, ATF2, ATF6, ELK1, PTPRH, CHOPO, p53 and MEF2C and MEF2A. The p38 MAPKs are emerging as important modulators of gene expression by regulating chromatin modifiers and remodelers. The promoters of several genes involved in the inflammatory response, such as IL6, IL8 and IL12B, display a p38 MAPK-dependent enrichment of histone H3 phosphorylation on 'Ser-10' (H3S10ph) in LPS-stimulated myeloid cells. Interacts directly with HDAC3 interacts directly and selectively to repress ATF2 transcriptional activity, and regulate TNF gene expression in LPS-stimulated cells. Phosphorylates the ubiquitin ligase SIAH2, regulating its activity towards EGLN3. May also inhibit the lysosomal degradation pathway of autophagy by interfering with the intracellular trafficking of the transmembrane protein ATG9. Regulates the endocytosis of membrane receptors that depend on RAB5A. Regulates the clathrin-mediated internalization of EGFR induced by inflammatory cytokines and UV irradiation by phosphorylating the EGFR and RAB5A effectors. Required in mid-fetal development for the growth of embryo-derived blood vessels in the labyrinth layer of the placenta. Plays an essential role in developmental and stress-induced erythropoiesis, through regulation of EPO gene expression. Interacts with casein kinase II subunits CSNK2A1 and CSNK2B. Activated by cell stresses such as DNA damage, heat shock, osmotic shock, anisomycin and sodium arsenite, as well as pro-inflammatory stimuli such as LPS and IL-1. Phosphorylated by ZAP70 in an alternative activation pathway in response to TCR signaling in T-cells, a pathway is inhibited by GADD45A. Four alternatively spliced isoforms of the human protein have been observed. Isoform MXI2 activation is stimulated by mitogens and oxidative stress and only poorly phosphorylates ELK1 and ATF2. Isoform EXIP may play a role in the early onset of apoptosis

Protein type: Protein kinase, CMGC; Protein kinase, Ser/Thr (non-receptor); Kinase, protein; EC 2.7.11.24; CMGC group; MAPK family; MAPK/p38 subfamily; p38 subfamily

Chromosomal Location of Human Ortholog: 6p21.3-p21.2

Cellular Component: nucleoplasm; spindle pole; mitochondrion; cytoplasm; nucleus; cytosol

Molecular Function: MAP kinase activity; MAP kinase kinase activity; protein serine/threonine kinase activity; protein binding; NFAT protein binding; ATP binding

Biological Process: nerve growth factor receptor signaling pathway; apoptosis; activation of MAPK activity; cell morphogenesis; stress-activated MAPK cascade; toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway; osteoclast differentiation; signal transduction; chemotaxis; toll-like receptor 10 signaling pathway; toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway; cell surface receptor linked signal transduction; regulation of transcription factor activity; transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway; lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway; chondrocyte differentiation; angiogenesis; toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway; cartilage condensation; mitochondrion organization and biogenesis; platelet activation; skeletal muscle development; transcription, DNA-dependent; positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation; organelle organization and biogenesis; MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway; positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration; DNA damage response, signal transduction; glucose metabolic process; positive regulation of myoblast differentiation; toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway; MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway; regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; muscle cell differentiation; peptidyl-serine phosphorylation; positive regulation of protein import into nucleus; response to muramyl dipeptide; DNA damage checkpoint; Ras protein signal transduction; toll-like receptor signaling pathway; innate immune response; positive regulation of muscle cell differentiation; striated muscle cell differentiation; gene expression; fatty acid oxidation; positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway; cell motility; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway; blood coagulation; myoblast cell differentiation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration