VEGF165 (VEGFA) Active Protein

This gene product is a member of the PDGF/VEGF growth factor family. It is a mitogen that specifically acts on endothelial cells and has various effects, including mediating increased vascular permeability, inducing angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, endothelial cell growth, promoting cell migration, and inhibiting apoptosis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Also, alternative translation initiation from non-AUG (CUG) and AUG start sites in some transcript variants, give rise to additional isoforms. The expression of some isoforms derived from AUG start codon is affected by a small upstream open reading frame, which is located within an internal ribosome entry site. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2013]

VEGF: Growth factor active in angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and endothelial cell growth. Induces endothelial cell proliferation, promotes cell migration, inhibits apoptosis and induces permeabilization of blood vessels. Binds to the FLT1/VEGFR1 and KDR/VEGFR2 receptors, heparan sulfate and heparin. NRP1/Neuropilin-1 binds isoforms VEGF-165 and VEGF-145. Isoform VEGF165B binds to KDR but does not activate downstream signaling pathways, does not activate angiogenesis and inhibits tumor growth. Defects in VEGFA are a cause of susceptibility to microvascular complications of diabetes type 1 (MVCD1). These are pathological conditions that develop in numerous tissues and organs as a consequence of diabetes mellitus. They include diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy leading to end-stage renal disease, and diabetic neuropathy. Diabetic retinopathy remains the major cause of new-onset blindness among diabetic adults. It is characterized by vascular permeability and increased tissue ischemia and angiogenesis. Belongs to the PDGF/VEGF growth factor family. 13 isoforms of the human protein are produced by alternative promoter.

Protein type: Secreted; Motility/polarity/chemotaxis; Cytokine; Secreted, signal peptide

Cellular Component: extracellular space; cell surface; membrane; cytoplasm; extracellular region; basement membrane; secretory granule

Molecular Function: heparin binding; identical protein binding; protein homodimerization activity; growth factor activity; extracellular matrix binding; platelet-derived growth factor receptor binding; cytokine activity; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 binding; receptor agonist activity; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor binding; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 binding; protein heterodimerization activity; fibronectin binding; receptor binding; chemoattractant activity

Biological Process: heart morphogenesis; macrophage differentiation; positive regulation of cell adhesion; positive regulation of positive chemotaxis; cell maturation; positive regulation of receptor internalization; female pregnancy; response to vitamin A; basophil chemotaxis; positive regulation of MAP kinase activity; regulation of cell shape; positive chemotaxis; response to folic acid; positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation; mesoderm development; negative regulation of neuron apoptosis; kidney development; positive regulation of neuroblast proliferation; nervous system development; T-helper 1 type immune response; positive regulation of signal transduction; monocyte differentiation; mRNA stabilization; positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration; activation of CREB transcription factor; positive regulation of protein amino acid autophosphorylation; positive regulation of vascular permeability; regulation of endothelial cell differentiation; regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; patterning of blood vessels; positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation; positive regulation of angiogenesis; eye photoreceptor cell development; camera-type eye morphogenesis; branching morphogenesis of a tube; cell migration during sprouting angiogenesis; cardiac muscle fiber development; positive regulation of cell division; activation of protein kinase activity; positive regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance; neuron development; endothelial cell migration; blood vessel morphogenesis; positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation; regulation of cGMP metabolic process; response to progesterone stimulus; alveolus development; surfactant homeostasis; positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation; negative regulation of apoptosis; lactation; post-embryonic camera-type eye development; wound healing; positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation; negative regulation of caspase activity; negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; response to estradiol stimulus; positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway; induction of positive chemotaxis; epithelial cell differentiation; ovarian follicle development; positive regulation of focal adhesion formation; vasculature development; lymphangiogenesis; positive regulation of cell proliferation; negative regulation of programmed cell death; angiogenesis; negative regulation of bone resorption; cell differentiation; aging; blood vessel development; cell migration; in utero embryonic development; lumen formation; positive regulation of cell motility; positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation; positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling cascade; cell proliferation; positive regulation of protein complex assembly; response to hypoxia; artery morphogenesis; blood vessel remodeling; response to cold; negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion; positive regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation; sprouting angiogenesis; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway; hyaluronan metabolic process; lung development; positive regulation of cell migration; growth