Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infections
3. Drugs for HSV Infection
4. Vaccines for HSV-2 Infection
5. Topical Microbicides for HSV-2 Infection
6. RNA Interference (RNAi) as a Treatment for HSV-2 Infection
7. Pritelivir – A Promising Treatment for HSV-2
8. Conclusion
Even if HSV infections are often subclinical, their incidence and severity have increased over the past decades due to the increasing number of immunocompromised patients with genital herpes infection becoming one of the world’s most prevalent sexually transmitted infections. Eleven drugs have been approved to treat HSV infection. Despite an increased level of understanding of the disease a prophylactic vaccine is unavailable. Several vaccines for HSV-2 are in clinical trials, but these have demonstrated limited protection. Topical microbicides designed to prevent acquisition of sexually transmitted infections are urgently needed. Nonoxynol-9, the only commercially available spermicide, damages epithelium and may enhance human immunodeficiency virus transmission. The observation that herpes simplex virus (HSV) and human immunodeficiency virus bind heparan sulfate provided the rationale for the development of sulfated or sulfonated polymers as topical agents. Although several of the polymers have advanced to clinical trials, the spectrum and mechanism of anti-HSV activity and the effects on soluble mediators of inflammation have not been evaluated. The results indicate that PRO 2000, polystyrene sulfonate, cellulose sulfate, and polymethylene hydroquinone sulfonate inhibit HSV infection10,000-fold and are active against clinical isolates, including an acyclovir-resistant variant. Clinical trials of SPL-7013 (VivaGel; Starpharma Holdings Ltd/Biomecular Research Institute Ltd), a dendrimer reported to have both anti-HIV-1 and –HSV-2 activity, are also underway. Subunit vaccines developed for HSV-2 have demonstrated limited efficacy, probably as a result of the inability to elicit CD8+ T-cell. Live, replication-defective HSV-2 is currently being evaluated as a candidate HSV-2 vaccine. For HSV-2 infection, the primary cellular targets are epithelial and neuronal cells, and topically applied siRNAs have been observed in the epithelium. Whether neurons also take up siRNAs is unknown and, as HSV-2 establishes latency in these cells, neuronal siRNA uptake could be useful for eradicating an established HSV infection by reactivating latent virus. For example, latent virus may be reactivated by reducing the expression of the latency-associated transcript (LAT), the only viral gene abundantly expressed during latency. The activated virus could then be cleared either with viral-specific siRNAs or conventional antiviral drugs. RNA interference (RNAi) provides effective antiviral defence in plants and other organisms, several studies have focused on harnessing RNAi to inhibit viral infections. One study showed that vaginal instillation of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting HSV-2 protected mice from lethal infection. siRNAs mixed with lipid are efficiently taken up by epithelial and lamina propria cells and silence gene expression in the mouse vagina and ectocervix for at least nine days. Intravaginal application of siRNAs targeting the HSV-2 UL27 and UL29 genes (which encode an envelope glycoprotein and a DNA binding protein6, respectively) was well tolerated, did not induce interferon-responsive genes or cause inflammation, and protected mice when administered before and/or after lethal HSV-2 challenge. These results suggest that siRNAs are attractive candidates for the active component of a microbicide designed to prevent viral infection or transmission. In a recent trial one of the most promising treatments for the herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) in two decades, pritelivir has demonstrated that it provides greater viral suppression than the present standard treatment, valacyclovir. In this study, conducted by a research team led by Anna Wald, MD, medical director of virology research at the University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, patients who took pritelivir not only experienced less HSV shedding than those who took valacyclovir (2.4% vs. 5.3%), but they also had fewer lesions (1.9% vs. 3.9%), less pain, and fewer treatment-emergent adverse events (62% vs. 69%). Pritelivir, which is still in the relatively early stages of development, is particularly attractive to patients with HSV-2 (otherwise known as genital herpes) because it not only limits their symptoms, but also appears to reduce the likelihood of passing the infection on to a susceptible partner. Of note: pritelivir did not completely eliminate viral shedding; practitioners and patients must remember that the protection is only partial. Given that many infected individuals often do not show signs of infection but still shed viral cells intermittently, “management of genital HSV should address the chronic nature of the disease rather than focusing solely on treatment of acute episodes of genital lesions,” a CDC spokesperson also noted The spokesperson added that HSV-2 infections tend to have “much more frequent” recurrences and shedding. In the double-blind study, Dr. Wald and her team studied 91 adults—who reported having had between four and nine annual genital HSV-2 recurrences—randomized into two groups. One group received pritelivir for 28 days, followed by a 28-day “washout” period, and then received valacyclovir for 28 days. The second group received valacyclovir first, and then the 28-day washout period, followed by pritelivir. The study was terminated before all subjects had completed the entire treatment period for both drugs due to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) putting a hold on the drug’s clinical use because of skin and blood abnormalities that had presented in a concurrent animal trial. Dr. Wald noted that there have been no serious side effects in humans so far, and German drug maker AiCuris is working with the FDA to partially lift the hold so that patients who are resistant to drugs in the “standard treatment family,”—which includes the drugs acyclovir, famciclovir, and valacyclovir—could participate in a new clinical trial. At the time of termination, 56 patients had completed both treatments. As researchers are testing and developing new treatments for herpes infections, the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has called for less routine testing for the infection because “the potential harms of screening outweigh the benefits.” Because “blood test screening for genital herpes is highly inaccurate and there is no cure, so screening, early identification and treatment are unlikely to affect the course of the disease.” With this in mind, novel effective treatments for the infection are that much more important to ensure the population remains safe.
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