Trichomoniasis is a very common type of sexually transmitted disease caused by a protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. In the USA, an estimated 3.7 million get infected with the parasite. Females, especially older ones are more prone to infection than men.
Mostly the infection is passed during sexual activity as the parasite can get transferred between two individuals. In females, body parts in genital tract such as vagina, cervix, vulva or urethra get infected. Whereas, in males, the inside part of the penis become infected and the infection spreads either from the penis to vagina or vice-versa.
Additionally, other body parts like mouth, anus or hands can also get infected. Presence of Trichomoniasis increases the chance of getting infected by HIV. On the other hand, this parasitic infection during pregnancy leads to premature delivery or lower birth weight babies. Newly-born babies can also get the infection while passing through the birth canal.
Among the infected individuals, almost 70% of cases present no visible symptoms. However, when symptoms are present, it can vary between mild to more inflammation. Symptoms mostly start to develop within 5 to 28 days from the infection or of the parasite.
Symptoms in the males include-
- Irritations or itching at the inner part of the penis.
- Burning sensation at the time of urination or ejaculation.
- Discharge from the male genital part.
Symptoms in females individual include-
- Itching, burning sensation during urination or genital soreness.
- Change in Vaginal discharge pattern.
Trichomoniasis diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
Trichomoniasis gets typically diagnosed by microscopic examination of the vaginal fluid for female and urine sample for male individuals. The growth of parasite taken from a suspected individual is the standard method for the parasite diagnosis. However, there are several new testing methods available, such as-
- APTIMA Trichomonas vaginalis assay: Nucleic acid amplification technique.
- OSOM Trichomonas Rapid Test: a Rapid test method for point of care diagnosis.
- Wet mount microscopy: a low-cost method with lower sensitivity.
The treatment procedure for Trichomoniasis includes a single megadose of metronidazole or tinidazole which is generally sold under the name of Flagyl and Tindamax. Alternatively, a lower dose can be advised for a week. Consumption of these two medications is also safe during pregnancy. However, consumption of alcohol is prohibited within 24 hours after the medication as alcohol can leads to nausea and vomiting tendency. For complete eradication of the infection both the partners are required to take the medications. There is always a chance for re-infection, and therefore screening is recommended within two weeks – 3 months to rule out reinfection.
For sexually active individuals, following preventive measures can be taken to avoid the possibility of getting infected by Trichomoniasis.
• A long-term monogamous relationship with an individual who is negative for any STDs.
• Usage of latex condoms, however, the open areas has the chance to get infected by the parasite.
• For a new partner, discussion about potential risks of STDs
• Regular check-ups for the presence of Trichomoniasis parasites, as one in every three individuals, are known to prone to re-infection.