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Telomeric repeat-binding factor

Binds the telomeric double-stranded 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeat and negatively regulates telomere length. Involved in the regulation of the mitotic spindle. Component of the shelterin complex (telosome) that is involved in the regulation of telomere length and protection. Shelterin associates with arrays of double-stranded 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeats added by telomerase and protects chromosome ends; without its protective activity, telomeres are no longer hidden from the DNA damage surveillance and chromosome ends are inappropriately processed by DNA repair pathways.

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Telomeric repeat-binding factor 1

Also known as Telomeric repeat-binding factor 1 (NIMA-interacting protein 2) (TTAGGG repeat-binding factor 1) (Telomeric protein Pin2/TRF1).
TRF1: a telomeric repeat binding factor. Binds the telomeric double-stranded TTAGGG repeat and negatively regulates telomere length. Colocalizes with telomeric DNA in interphase and metaphase cells and is located at chromosome ends during metaphase. Involved in the regulation of the mitotic spindle. Expression is tightly regulated during the cell cycle; levels are low in G1 and S phase and increase during G2 phase and mitosis. Two splice variant isoforms have been described.

Protein type: DNA-binding

Chromosomal Location of Human Ortholog: 8q21.11

Cellular Component: nuclear chromosome, telomeric region; nuclear telomere cap complex; nucleolus; nucleoplasm; nucleus

Molecular Function: DNA bending activity; double-stranded telomeric DNA binding; protein binding; protein homodimerization activity; telomerase activity; telomeric DNA binding; ubiquitin binding

Biological Process: negative regulation of DNA replication; negative regulation of telomerase activity; negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase; telomere capping; telomere maintenance; telomere maintenance via telomerase; telomeric loop formation

Telomeric repeat-binding factor 2

Also known as Telomeric repeat-binding factor 2 (TTAGGG repeat-binding factor 2) (Telomeric DNA-binding protein).
TRF2: Binds the telomeric double-stranded 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeat and plays a central role in telomere maintenance and protection against end-to-end fusion of chromosomes. In addition to its telomeric DNA-binding role, required to recruit a number of factors and enzymes required for telomere protection, including the shelterin complex, TERF2IP/RAP1 and DCLRE1B/Apollo. Component of the shelterin complex (telosome) that is involved in the regulation of telomere length and protection. Shelterin associates with arrays of double-stranded 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeats added by telomerase and protects chromosome ends; without its protective activity, telomeres are no longer hidden from the DNA damage surveillance and chromosome ends are inappropriately processed by DNA repair pathways. Together with DCLRE1B/Apollo, plays a key role in telomeric loop (T loop) formation by generating 3' single- stranded overhang at the leading end telomeres: T loops have been proposed to protect chromosome ends from degradation and repair. Required both to recruit DCLRE1B/Apollo to telomeres and activate the exonuclease activity of DCLRE1B/Apollo. Preferentially binds to positive supercoiled DNA. Together with DCLRE1B/Apollo, required to control the amount of DNA topoisomerase (TOP1, TOP2A and TOP2B) needed for telomere replication during fork passage and prevent aberrant telomere topology. Recruits TERF2IP/RAP1 to telomeres, thereby participating in to repressing homology- directed repair (HDR), which can affect telomere length. Homodimer. Component of the shelterin complex (telosome) composed of TERF1, TERF2, TINF2, TERF2IP/RAP1, ACD and POT1. Interacts with TERF2IP. Interacts with NBN. Interacts with SLX4/BTBD12. Interacts with DCLRE1B/Apollo and TERF2IP/RAP1; the interaction is direct. Ubiquitous. Highly expressed in spleen, thymus, prostate, uterus, testis, small intestine, colon and peripheral blood leukocytes. 2 isoforms of the human protein are produced by alternative splicing.

Protein type: DNA repair, damage; DNA-binding

Cellular Component: chromosome, telomeric region; cytoplasm; Golgi apparatus; male germ cell nucleus; Mre11 complex; nuclear chromosome, telomeric region; nuclear telomere cap complex; nucleoplasm; nucleus

Molecular Function: double-stranded telomeric DNA binding; protein binding; protein C-terminus binding; protein homodimerization activity; telomerase activity; telomeric DNA binding

Biological Process: in utero embryonic development; negative regulation of telomere maintenance; negative regulation of telomere maintenance via recombination; positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity; positive regulation of telomere maintenance; protection from non-homologous end joining at telomere; regulation of telomere maintenance; regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase; telomere capping; telomere maintenance; telomere maintenance via telomerase; telomeric loop formation

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