CD31/PECAM-1 Human Active Protein

The protein encoded by this gene is found on the surface of platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, and some types of T-cells, and makes up a large portion of endothelial cell intercellular junctions. The encoded protein is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and is likely involved in leukocyte migration, angiogenesis, and integrin activation. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

Function: Induces susceptibility to atherosclerosis

By similarity. Cell adhesion molecule which is required for leukocyte transendothelial migration (TEM) under most inflammatory conditions. Tyr-690 plays a critical role in TEM and is required for efficient trafficking of PECAM1 to and from the lateral border recycling compartment (LBRC) and is also essential for the LBRC membrane to be targeted around migrating leukocytes. Prevents phagocyte ingestion of closely apposed viable cells by transmitting 'detachment' signals, and changes function on apoptosis, promoting tethering of dying cells to phagocytes (the encounter of a viable cell with a phagocyte via the homophilic interaction of PECAM1 on both cell surfaces leads to the viable cell's active repulsion from the phagocyte. During apoptosis, the inside-out signaling of PECAM1 is somehow disabled so that the apoptotic cell does not actively reject the phagocyte anymore. The lack of this repulsion signal together with the interaction of the eat-me signals and their respective receptors causes the attachment of the apoptotic cell to the phagocyte, thus triggering the process of engulfment). Isoform Delta15 is unable to protect against apoptosis. Modulates BDKRB2 activation. Regulates bradykinin- and hyperosmotic shock-induced ERK1/2 activation in human umbilical cord vein cells (HUVEC). Ref.14 Ref.19 Ref.21

Subunit structure: Interacts with PTPN11; Tyr-713 is critical for PTPN11 recruitment. Forms a complex with BDKRB2 and GNAQ. Interacts with BDKRB2 and GNAQ. Ref.17 Ref.19 Ref.21

Subcellular location: Isoform Long: Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein. Cell membrane; Lipid-anchor. Cell junction. Note: Localizes to the lateral border recycling compartment (LBRC) and recycles from the LBRC to the junction in resting endothelial cells. Ref.19 Ref.21 Ref.25Isoform Delta15: Cell junction. Note: Localizes to the lateral border recycling compartment (LBRC) and recycles from the LBRC to the junction in resting endothelial cells. Ref.19 Ref.21 Ref.25

Tissue specificity: Expressed on platelets and leukocytes and is primarily concentrated at the borders between endothelial cells. Isoform Long predominates in all tissues examined. Isoform Delta12 is detected only in trachea. Isoform Delta14-15 is only detected in lung. Isoform Delta14 is detected in all tissues examined with the strongest expression in heart. Isoform Delta15 is expressed in brain, testis, ovary, cell surface of platelets, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), Jurkat T-cell leukemia, human erythroleukemia (HEL) and U-937 histiocytic lymphoma cell lines (at protein level). Ref.15 Ref.21

Domain: The Ig-like C2-type domains 2 and 3 contribute to formation of the complex with BDKRB2 and in regulation of its activity.

Post-translational modification: Phosphorylated on Ser and Tyr residues after cellular activation. Phosphorylated on tyrosine residues by FER and FES in response to FCER1 activation

By similarity. In endothelial cells Fyn mediates mechanical-force (stretch or pull) induced tyrosine phosphorylation. Ref.13 Ref.18 Ref.21Palmitoylation by ZDHHC21 is necessary for cell surface expression in endothelial cells. Ref.16 Ref.25

Sequence similarities: Contains 6 Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains.