Rantes (CCL5) Human Active Protein

This gene is one of several chemokine genes clustered on the q-arm of chromosome 17. Chemokines form a superfamily of secreted proteins involved in immunoregulatory and inflammatory processes. The superfamily is divided into four subfamilies based on the arrangement of the N-terminal cysteine residues of the mature peptide. This chemokine, a member of the CC subfamily, functions as a chemoattractant for blood monocytes, memory T helper cells and eosinophils. It causes the release of histamine from basophils and activates eosinophils. This cytokine is one of the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ cells. It functions as one of the natural ligands for the chemokine receptor chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 (CCR5), and it suppresses in vitro replication of the R5 strains of HIV-1, which use CCR5 as a coreceptor. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

CCL5: Chemoattractant for blood monocytes, memory T-helper cells and eosinophils. Causes the release of histamine from basophils and activates eosinophils. Binds to CCR1, CCR3, CCR4 and CCR5. One of the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T- cells. Recombinant RANTES protein induces a dose-dependent inhibition of different strains of HIV-1, HIV-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). The processed form RANTES(3-68) acts as a natural chemotaxis inhibitor and is a more potent inhibitor of HIV-1-infection. The second processed form RANTES(4-68) exhibits reduced chemotactic and HIV-suppressive activity compared with RANTES(1-68) and RANTES(3-68) and is generated by an unidentified enzyme associated with monocytes and neutrophils. By mitogens. T-cell and macrophage specific. Belongs to the intercrine beta (chemokine CC) family.

Protein type: Secreted; Secreted, signal peptide; Chemokine; Motility/polarity/chemotaxis; Cell adhesion

Chromosomal Location of Human Ortholog: 17q12

Cellular Component: extracellular space; cytoplasm; extracellular region

Molecular Function: CCR4 chemokine receptor binding; protein binding; CCR1 chemokine receptor binding; protein homodimerization activity; protein self-association; chemokine receptor binding; chemokine activity; chemokine receptor antagonist activity; receptor signaling protein tyrosine kinase activator activity; phosphoinositide phospholipase C activity; CCR5 chemokine receptor binding; phospholipase activator activity; chemoattractant activity; protein kinase activity

Biological Process: regulation of chronic inflammatory response; positive regulation of cell adhesion; exocytosis; positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation; response to toxin; positive regulation of JAK-STAT cascade; chemotaxis; positive regulation of smooth muscle cell migration; positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin; protein amino acid phosphorylation; positive regulation of homotypic cell-cell adhesion; positive regulation of translational initiation; monocyte chemotaxis; leukocyte adhesion; cell-cell signaling; positive chemotaxis; calcium ion transport; positive regulation of innate immune response; protein kinase B signaling cascade; lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway; dendritic cell chemotaxis; positive regulation of T cell proliferation; inflammatory response; protein tetramerization; phospholipase D activation; positive regulation of viral genome replication; neutrophil activation; negative regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway; response to virus; MAPKKK cascade; positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process; macrophage chemotaxis; cellular calcium ion homeostasis; positive regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade; G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway; cellular protein complex assembly; negative regulation of viral genome replication; positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein; eosinophil chemotaxis; positive regulation of calcium ion transport; regulation of insulin secretion; positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation; positive regulation of phosphorylation; positive regulation of cell migration; regulation of T cell activation