Gastroenteritis, also known as stomach flu, is the inflammation of the intestinal lining that can occur as the result of bacteria, virus and other parasites. It can develop by consuming food or water that is contaminated with the microbes and with the contact of an infected person. Viral gastroenteritis is considered to be one of the common types of illness and can be prevented by frequently washing the hands.
Causes
The microbes that cause gastroenteritis can easily spread from one person to another. This is possible with the close contact with an infected person through the small particles that they vomit, in contact with the contaminated surfaces or by consuming food that is also contaminated. Some of the bacteria that can cause gastroenteritis include salmonella found in dairy products, E-coli from salads, shigella often present in the swimming pool and staphylococcus present in the meat. A number of viruses can also cause gastroenteritis that can include rotavirus and noroviruses.
Symptoms
The symptoms of gastroenteritis are based on the type of bacteria or the virus that causes this condition. The common symptoms include watery diarrhea, feeling sick, fever and vomiting. In addition, gastroenteritis can include the presence of blood in the stool, loss of appetite, muscle aches, headaches and abdominal cramps. It is important to seek medical help particularly if the symptoms persist for more than five days or if children continue to vomit after the duration of 12 hours. The most common condition of gastroenteritis is dehydration from the loss of fluids from diarrhea and vomiting. The infants and the elderly can be particularly affected by the dehydration as the result of their weakened immune system. The symptoms of dehydration include constantly vomiting and unable to retain any fluids taken, passing less urine or dark-colored urine.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of gastroenteritis is based on the symptoms that develop, a physical examination and laboratory tests. A stool test can identify the bacteria that cause this condition. A quick stool test can also identify the presence of rotavirus or norovirus, although no quick tests are available for other viruses. In some of the cases, the stool sample may be necessary to rule out other possible infections that may have similar symptoms. The blood sample may also be required to check for signs of dehydration.
Treatment
Most of the individuals with gastroenteritis can recover on their own. Medical help is usually not required unless there is a risk of developing more serious problems as the result of gastroenteritis or if the symptoms don’t improve after a period of time. There is no specific treatment available for the gastroenteritis caused by the virus. Some of the self-help care measures include avoiding dehydration by taking plenty of fluids, pain killer for the fever or pain and plenty of rest. In some cases, anti-vomiting medication may be needed but should be consulted with the health care provider to ensure it is suitable.
References
http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gastroenteritis/Pages/Introduction.aspx#child-help
https://medlineplus.gov/gastroenteritis.html
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-gastroenteritis/basics/treatment/con-20019350
