p38-g Antibody – Rabbit Monoclonal

Activation of members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family is a major mechanism for transduction of extracellular signals. Stress-activated protein kinases are one subclass of MAP kinases. The protein encoded by this gene functions as a signal transducer during differentiation of myoblasts to myotubes. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Function: Serine/threonine kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. MAPK12 is one of the four p38 MAPKs which play an important role in the cascades of cellular responses evoked by extracellular stimuli such as proinflammatory cytokines or physical stress leading to direct activation of transcription factors such as ELK1 and ATF2. Accordingly, p38 MAPKs phosphorylate a broad range of proteins and it has been estimated that they may have approximately 200 to 300 substrates each. Some of the targets are downstream kinases such as MAPKAPK2, which are activated through phosphorylation and further phosphorylate additional targets. Plays a role in myoblast differentiation and also in the down-regulation of cyclin D1 in response to hypoxia in adrenal cells suggesting MAPK12 may inhibit cell proliferation while promoting differentiation. Phosphorylates DLG1. Following osmotic shock, MAPK12 in the cell nucleus increases its association with nuclear DLG1, thereby causing dissociation of DLG1-SFPQ complexes. This function is independent of its catalytic activity and could affect mRNA processing and/or gene transcription to aid cell adaptation to osmolarity changes in the environment. Regulates UV-induced checkpoint signaling and repair of UV-induced DNA damage and G2 arrest after gamma-radiation exposure. MAPK12 is involved in the regulation of SLC2A1 expression and basal glucose uptake in L6 myotubes; and negatively regulates SLC2A4 expression and contraction-mediated glucose uptake in adult skeletal muscle. C-Jun (JUN) phosphorylation is stimulated by MAPK14 and inhibited by MAPK12, leading to a distinct AP-1 regulation. MAPK12 is required for the normal kinetochore localization of PLK1, prevents chromosomal instability and supports mitotic cell viability. MAPK12-signaling is also positively regulating the expansion of transient amplifying myogenic precursor cells during muscle growth and regeneration. Ref.1 Ref.6 Ref.9 Ref.12 Ref.14 Ref.15 Ref.17

Catalytic activity: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein.

Cofactor: Binds 2 magnesium ions. Ref.20

Enzyme regulation: Activated by phosphorylation on threonine and tyrosine. MAP2K3/MKK3 and MAP2K6/MKK6 are both essential for the activation of MAPK12 induced by environmental stress, whereas MAP2K6/MKK6 is the major MAPK12 activator in response to TNF-alpha. Ref.6 Ref.7

Subunit structure: Monomer. Interacts with the PDZ domain of the syntrophin SNTA1. Interacts with SH3BP5. Interacts with LIN7C, SCRIB and SYNJ2BP

By similarity. Ref.7 Ref.11 Ref.20

Subcellular location: Cytoplasm. Nucleus. Mitochondrion. Note: Mitochondrial when associated with SH3BP5. In skeletal muscle colocalizes with SNTA1 at the neuromuscular junction and throughout the sarcolemma

By similarity. Ref.10 Ref.11 Ref.14

Tissue specificity: Highly expressed in skeletal muscle and heart. Ref.1 Ref.10

Induction: Expression of MAPK12 is down-regulation by MAPK14 activation. Ref.6 Ref.7 Ref.14

Domain: The TXY motif contains the threonine and tyrosine residues whose phosphorylation activates the MAP kinases.

Post-translational modification: Dually phosphorylated on Thr-183 and Tyr-185 by MAP2K3/MKK3 and MAP2K6/MKK6, which activates the enzyme. Ref.8 Ref.14Ubiquitinated. Ubiquitination leads to degradation by the proteasome pathway. Ref.14

Involvement in disease: MAPK is overexpressed in highly metastatic breast cancer cell lines and its expression is preferentially associated with basal-like and metastatic phenotypes of breast tumor samples.

Sequence similarities: Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase subfamily.Contains 1 protein kinase domain.

Biophysicochemical propertiesKinetic parameters:KM=37 µM for ATP Ref.7KM=313 µM for EGFR substrate peptideKM=254 µM for GST-ATF2